Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example These individuals are normally picked from the team personnel in order to complete the project as planned. On the other hand, alternative scheduling has to be planned to enable successful completion of both tasks and progress on the project to continue (Pinto 357). Resource management is usually difficult in a multi-project environment because it creates several problems. A single project is advantageous because it fully depends on its allocated resources. However, a single project can lead to under utilization of available resources since it even relies on resources that are currently, not under use (Pinto 369). Team members in a given project are afraid to issue out their resources since they believe that it will be difficult recovering them. Similarly, sharing resources can create a delay in multiple projects. Finally, there can be a decrease in employees’ morality as they attempt to juggle through competing assignments (Pinto 371). Approaches use to allocate resources include mathematical programming, fist in line, greatest resource demand, and minimum late finish

SOPA and PIPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOPA and PIPA - Essay Example egislation more acceptable to the technology community, content industries should have designed the legislation in such a way that it does not raise concerns about its ability to censor lawful activity. Content industries should also have ensured that the legislation does not threaten to disrupt the underlying architecture of the Internet especially because the legislation would remove an entire domain. These industries would have made the legislation more acceptable to the technology community by allowing targeted sites more time (than five days) to submit their appeals. This would give them enough time to defend themselves before losing the site and revenue (Blakeney 45). The money that piracy provides technology companies is a lot and this will make it difficult for the technology community to support curbs on piracy. Many internet users like the convenience with which they can get some materials from piracy sites and that is why they do not mind paying millions of money in order to keep getting accessing those materials. Technology companies make a lot of money from advertising networks that market piracy materials. They will also reject piracy curbs because they make a lot of money from providing links to sites that run piracy business (Blakeney

Philosophy - Free

Philosophy Free Will vs Determinism Essay The dialogue between philosophers over the existence of free will versus the inevitability of determinism is a debate that will always exist. The discussion centers around the true freedom of humans to think and act according to their own judgment versus the concept that humans are intrinsically bound by the physical laws of the universe. Before I enter this chicken and the egg debate I need to quantify my terms: Free will is defined by the great philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas as â€Å"vis electiva† or free choice. It is the ability of man to contemplate and judge the effects of the actions he is about to take. †¦But man acts from judgment, because by his apprehensive power he judges that something should be avoided or sought. But because this judgment, in the case of some particular act, is not from a natural instinct but from some act of comparison in the reason, therefore he acts from free judgment and retains the power of being inclined to various things. † (Aquinas. Suma Theologica) Determinism is a complex notion but is best described by David Hume as the notion that something cannot come from nothing and that all actions have causes preceding them. I conceive that nothing taketh beginning from itself, but from the action of some other immediate agent without itself. And that therefore, when first a man hath an appetite or will to something, to which immediately before he had no appetite nor will, the cause of his will, is not the will itself, but something else not in his own disposing. So that whereas it is out of controversy, that of voluntary actions the will is the necessary cause, and by this which is said, the will is also caused by other things whereof it disposeth not, it followeth, that voluntary actions have all of them necessary causes, and therefore are necessitated. (Hume. Liberty and Nessessity. ) Philosophy and world religion alike were born of the same origins. Each of the two ancient disciplines arose from the quest for the answers to life’s ominous questions. These human questions, archetypical to people of all geographic locations; where did we come from; why are we here; where do we go when we die; unite us as a race. It is no coincidence that each religion and theology from all four corners of the earth tackles these black holes of human logic. Each religion carves their own individual explanations of these unanswerable questions into their core belief systems, each one centrally different than others. However, they all share one common thought; each shares a belief in an afterlife determined by the choices made in life. Free will is the common denominator in all world religions, because all share the essential concept of morality. The widespread acceptance of the concept of morality implies that there is a choice to be had at each and every juncture or life. The choice comes from recognition of good and evil. For good and evil to exist, then there has to be the ability to decipher between the two and also decide to accept one over the other. The existence of morality alone proves that free will exists, because without the freedom to choose right or wrong in any given situation there would be no qualitative measure of the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of ones actions. David Hume comments on the origin of morality and its place in our everyday decision making processes, â€Å"Only when you turn your reflexion into your own breast, and find a sentiment of disapprobation† (Hume.  Treatise of Human Nature). In other words, there are no outside stimuli that can decipher good from evil; the line can only be drawn by internal thought. Hume was a naturalist in that his vision of the world and therefore stance of philosophy was based directly through the experiences of the senses. His stance on many issues directly originated from his ability to experience it with the five senses, and on the subject of morality he takes exception. Even he recognizes the existence of morality in everyday life, even though it cannot be explained through the lens of the senses. It would seem that morality’s acceptance must therefore prove that free will exists, but there is one essential school of thought yet to weigh on this topic; science. Science was the latest bloomer of the three major disciplines of existential explanation and in the post modern era is becoming more and more popular. As the world becomes further secularized and the reaches of scientific logic continue to exceed their grasp, many of the world’s intellectuals identify â€Å"truth† on a scientific scale. Science does not support the theory of morality, because it can’t be proven to exist. The notion of â€Å"free-will†, something which world religion and philosophies alike recognize as a fundamental part of our human anatomy, is called into question in a few simple and logical ways. Science supports the theory of determinism as the only logical explanation of the unfolding of the actions of our lives. First off, science has recently developed the discipline known to us as physics, in which the laws of the universe have been defined. In the short time in which humans have been graced by the scientific understanding of the laws of the universe, human kind has yet to fully step back and contemplate the magnitude of this discovery. In generations past, humans believed that we were made special with â€Å"free will†, but now we know that like all things in the universe we are subject to the physical laws. This is a huge step forward in rational thinking because it allows us to understand that our previously God given concept of â€Å"free will† was really a result of a lack of understanding of the deterministic laws of the universe. For instance a law as simple and commonly accepted as â€Å"gravity† challenges the idea of free will. Gravitational pull determines that no matter the size of an object, once separate from the surface of the earth will be dragged back down at the same force every time. This is a simple concept that we take for granted, but it works in the free will v. determinism argument. We are ruled by gravity, and therefore all of our lives activities answer to it. We can’t choose to jump off a building and float in the air because we’ll be pulled back to the ground to our imminent deaths. We can’t choose to stay younger and keep our skin tight to our faces because gravity’s long-term effect causes our skin to droop down towards the ground. The choices I just listed may seem farfetched to some, however, if we examine the notion that we have â€Å"free will† in the empirical sense of the word we see that not all of our decisions are controlled by us, and that we fall victim to the tyrannical rule of the physical laws of the universe. We aren’t truly â€Å"free† to create our own actions in life. Albert Einstein offers a particularly apt synopsis, â€Å"Everything is determined, the beginning as well as the end, by forces over which we have no control. It is determined for the insect as well as the star. Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible piper. (Albert Einstein) The rule of physical law aside, which hinders us from truly being â€Å"free† to choose our own actions in life, is a much more simple scientific argument that dispels the notion of free will. For example: Say a 20 year old man murders another man in cold blood. They have no affiliation, no prior knowledge of who each other is, or reason to dislike each other. Man A walks up to random Man B and shoots and kills him. Was this action of Man A a result of â€Å"free will†? To examine the notion fully you need to look at his action coming from two sources. Either Man A was born with the moral flaw to allow himself to find killing another human acceptable, or that Man A was influenced during the course of his life by interactions and actions of others and came to that conclusion based on his own experience. There is no other explanation for Man A to willingly choose to open fire on Man B and kill him. If we look at the first option, Man A’s natural moral compass was skewed, allowing for him to conceive the notion that killing another is okay. This speaks to the determinant nature of our chemical makeup. Its possible his DNA made a mistake coding somewhere and he developed overtime and understood that killing another is â€Å"wrong† or maybe that his entire sense of â€Å"right from wrong† was skewed inside his mind. This would lead Man A to lead a life normally on the outside, and yet without regard for consequence, open fire on another man and kill him as easily as he could have held a door for him. This is the idea that he naturally had the capacity to kill, and that he could not control it. Eventually one of his animalistic impulses would finally stick and he’d be in the right place at the right time, and that it was only a matter of time until he killed someone. If you don’t subscribe to that theory and believe that he chose to kill Man B that day, try and consider that the results will still be pre-determined. If Man A killed Man B due to his choice, then his own â€Å"free will† and judgment that he finds reprehensible to kill another man can’t be attributed to truly â€Å"free† will of choice. Not every human kills others as part of their natural lifestyle, as they might kiss or mate with another. In fact a very small percentage of people in the world murder other humans, and this begs the question of why? What makes this small percentage of people â€Å"choose† to kill another person? The answer is that if they choose to do it, and they weren’t previously miswired so as said in the prior paragraph, then they must have been influenced by their surroundings. When Man A was six years old he didn’t choose to murder Man B, the events of his life led him to make this decision about whether or not murder was okay. This is yet another reason that he wasn’t truly free to choose; outside influence hinders the ability to choose freely. Whether he was abused, molested, lost a loved one, or just plain fed up with the monotony of everyday life in society, something pushed him over the edge. Something allowed for him to justify his actions; that something is outside influence. This deterministic train of thought explains why people do what they do, but not when. What makes us actually hit the point of no return, or when will the right opportunity hit the right mood leading the right action? (In our example the murder of Man B) The paradox between â€Å"free will† and â€Å"determinism† exists because of the influence of the different schools of thought. If one aligns his personal truth based on religious fervor, then an understanding of â€Å"free will† can exist logically and on the other hand if one bases his logic around science then â€Å"determinism† seems to be the only answer. So where does that leave philosophy, the great bridge between the two polarized schools of thought? It leaves philosophy somewhere in the middle, examining the validity of both sides of the argument, and helping to shed light on the debate over whether or not we truly are free to make a choice or if we are merely floating along the currents of the universe. Personally, I’m lost somewhere in the middle, hoping that the answer to this time-old question will be revealed.

Past present and predicted future of India

Past present and predicted future of India The Republic of India has a population of 1.2 billion according to the survey done in 2009. It covers an area of 3.1 million sq km. The major languages spoken there are Hindi, English and 16 other official languages. It is a nation of diverse religions Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The Monetary unit used there is the Indian Rupee (INR) = 100 paisa. The major export sectors are agriculture products, textile goods, gems and jewellery, software services and technology, engineering goods, chemicals, leather products. The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita income in regards with the World Bank report, 2008 was US$ 1070. It has the worlds largest democracy and second most populous country emerged as a major power in 1990s. India is highly diverse with its many languages, cultures and religion. A land of ancient civilisation, which unfolds its history dated as early as 1000 BC. Witnessing the creation and the demolition empires and kingdoms. It gained its independence on 15th August 1947. Thereafter, not looking back at what is left but what is there to make. After independence, the economic condition of the country was very poor. It addressed its economic crisis along with a combination of socialist planning and free enterprise. During the 1950s and 1960 the government focused on the Green Revolution thereby providing irrigation facilities combined with land redistribution schemes. India also focused on the education system by building infrastructures for schools colleges and universities thereby applied research facilities that trained one of the worlds largest scientific and technical establishment s. It has a powerful economy with is growing at a rapid pace. Religion, regional and cultural diversities exist against a background of poverty. This reflects in t he federal political system, whereby power is shared between the central government and the 28 states. India was under the social democratic-based policies till the year 1991 when it opened its doors to liberalisation. Two factors facilitated the emergence of labialisation phase. First were industrialist themselves who were beginning to find the government controls very strict and second was the export performance from overseas workers in the middle east which led to a comfortable level of foreign exchange reserves. This policy opened the doors to international trade and investments. The main motive behind the transformation and the deregulation of earlier practices was to replace the social democratic polices with capitalism so that there would be a high economic growth which would in turn increase the industrial production for the wellbeing of Indian citizens. Before the year 1991, the government had closed the Indian economy to the outside world. The Indian rupee was inconvertible and the high licensing fee prevented the foreign goods from entering the country. The countrys balance of payment crises in 1991 brought the country near bankruptcy. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was bailed out in exchange for gold transferred to London as collateral. The Indian economy was at its worst and needed a reform. The Indian Government started to loosen the controls and the tariffs, duties and taxes were lowered. The country opened its doors to trade and investment. Privatisation was also encouraged and Globalisation was embraced slowly. Post the liberalisation, India progressed in areas like foreign investments, reforming the capital markets, deregulation of domestic business and reforming the trade market. In the year 1993 the National Stock Exchange was introduced. They remained at the forefront of modernisation of Indias capital and financial market. The share of consumer goods manufactured in India increased from 50.6% in 1990 to 72.5% during the five year trial period. The share of labour intensive exports in total manufactured exports increased from 13% to 34%. The share of High tech exports increased from 13% to 31%. The proportion of capital goods in total manufacturing imports increased from 26% to 61%. India increased their share of total exports. An overall effect in an increase in the trade was evident however there was no change in the Gross domestic product which still continued at 5.7%. The prices for food, beverage, tobacco animal, machinery and transport equipment fell marginally. The Indian companies suffered huge loss and competition from the foreign market. Quoting an example of the Ludhiana Knitwear company which specialised in garment manufacture suffered a loss of 21%. However, there was a lack of growth in the industrial sector which was earlier at 6.8% compared t 6.4%. India was now a market based economy. A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in 2000s accelerated Indias economic growth rate. Indias Population had touched 1,028,610,328 and the growth rate of 2.11%. The whole nations economic infrastructure was undergoing stress. However the people below the poverty line percentage had drastically improved owing to the different provisions and self employment schemes introduced by the government. Stress was being laid on rural development as 70% of the Indian population were still living in villages. India was ranked fourth in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) IN 2001. The Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows increased by 65% as compared to the previous year, where are the Global FDI during that time had decreased by 40%. This was definitely an encouraging factor for the country. As quoted in the world investment prospect 2002 report, there was an annual Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow of US$ 5.3 billion from 2002 until 2006. During the year 2005 2006 the overall production growth was 8.3% which was marginally lower than that of the previous year. Manufacturing speed had increased. Growth in the capital goods sector was there by 3 percentage higher than 2005. This was the time when sectors like the cotton textile, basic metals, transport, food products, jute and other fibber textiles, manmade textiles and rubber growth rate increased marginally. Exports were at an increase of 16.19% from the previous year however the oil import showed a sharp rise of 63%. The total Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) accounted for a $ 8472 million. This also impacted the foreign exchange reserve by a fall of 3.4%. The Indian rupee held the same value against the US$ but weakened its position against the Euro by 0.47%. Sharing direct trade links with the United Nations India too was affected because of recession. The export percentage went down almost by a quarter. Unemployment increased as the companys started to lay of their employees to cut down on the expenses. The textile and the handicraft industry were the worst affected. Figures reported from the FIEO (Federation of Indian export organisation) also revealed that the Tourist inflow had gone down by 37%. The year 2009 saw a decrease in the growth rate by 6.8% as well as the return of a large projected fiscal deficit of 6.8% of GDP which would be highest among the worlds. According to the recent reports provide over an year, India has been ranked as the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest purchasing power party. The strong economic reforms adopted in the early 1990s proved to be good for the countrys fast paced economy and a free market activity for international competition and foreign investment. India is growing at a rapid pace and will soon emerge as a strong economic power with huge human and natural resources with skilled and experienced individuals. Today India is characterised as mainly a market economy. Indias service industry accounts for a total of 55% of the country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while the industrial and the agricultural sector contribute to about 28% and 17% of the Gross domestic Product (GDP) respectively. Agriculture till date is the most predominant occupation of India and accounts for a total of 52% of the employment alone. The service sector accounts for another 34% of the employment hold and is followed by the industrial sector with a percentage of 14% of the employment. The labour force collectively holds half a million workers. In the agricultural field the major production is that of wheat, rice, oilseed, cotton, juice, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat, poultry and fish. In the industries consists of other subdivisions such as telecommunication, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation, equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, information technology enabled services and softwares. As discussed previously the per capita income of India according to the World Bank report of 2008, is US$ 1,030 and is ranked on 139th position in the world. However its per capital production (PPP) is ranked 128th in the world at US$ 2,940. This shows that the trade had increased in a very short span of time which can be estimated roughly at 20 years time frame as India earlier was a closed economy. A total of 2% of the world trade has been recorded by the World Trade Organisation and Indias total merchandise is estimated at a total value of US$ 294 in the year 2006 and Indias total service trade inclusive of both import and export was estimated at US$ 143 billion. Thus, a collective total of US$ 437 billion in the year 2007 in comparison to the year 2004 at a total of US$ 253 billion. There has been a remarkable growth of 72% in this context. There has been a more evident increase in the GDP share by 24% in comparison to a minor share of 6% in the early 1990s The year 2009 when the entire world was still in the midst of the recession crises, India was able to escape the condition of extreme poverty even though the major trade links were with the United Nations. India recorded its highest GDP of 9% in the year 2007. This was the effect of liberalisation and its height. India now stands on the second position after China after having labelled itself as the fastest growing economy. In a report by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it states that the average growth rates of 7.5 % will double the average income in a decade. The inclusion of a few more reforms would accelerate the pace. In regards to China who liberated its economy in the year 1978, India is still at a slow pace and needs to continue liberalisation for the betterment of the country. Also reports reveal that provide all the obstacles in the path of liberalisation are removed, India would grow at a pace 10% higher than that of China. According to a report by the CIA World Fact book, it states that India escaped the brunt of global financial crisis because of the cautious banking policies and a relatively low dependence on export of growth. The domestic demand, driven by the purchases of consumer durables and auto (SOURCES, 2010) mobiles, has emerged as the key driver of the economy, as exports have fallen ever since the global crisis has started. Indias fiscal; deficit increased substantially in 2008 due to fuel and fertilizer subsidies, a dept waiver program for farmer, a job guarantee program for rural workers and stimulus expenditure. Economists have also predicted that by the year 2020, India will be among the largest economies of the world. The Indian government has already declared their commitment to the fiscal stimulus and the deficit reduction in the next two years. The government has also proposed the privatisation of some of the public industries owned by the government. The government has also forecasted the expenses for the necessary equipment and resources required for the removal of long term challenges which include inadequate physical and social infrastructure to carry out the necessary reforms. The only challenge that the Indian Economy will have to face in due course of time is the huge and growing population and their fundamental, social and environmental problems.

Phobias Essay -- essays research papers

Phobias Phobias are a very common disorder in the United States these days. The definition for phobia is "an abnormal or morbid fear or aversion" ("Oxford" 655). To be considered a phobia, a fear must cause great distress or interfere with a person’s life in a major way. The word phobia is Greek, therefore, any word that proceeds it should be Greek too. To coin a new phobia name, it is proper and only accepted to follow this rule. The rule has been broken many times in the past, especially by the medical profession. The medical profession is steeped in Latin and many times when forming a name for phobia, they use Latin. There are three kinds of phobias: simple phobia, social phobia, and panic attacks. Simple phobias, also called specific phobias, are fears of a specific thing, such as spiders or being in a closed place. Most simple phobias develop during childhood and eventually disappear. Specific phobia is a marked fear of a specific object or situation. It is a category for any phobias other than agoraphobia and social phobia. The categories of specific phobias are 1. situational phobias such as: fear of elevators, airplanes, enclosed places, public transportation, tunnels, or bridges; 2. fear of the natural environment such as: storms, water, or heights; 3. animal phobias such as: fear of dogs, snakes, insects, or mice; 4. blood-injection-injury phobia such as: fear of seeing blood or an injury, or of receiving an injection. (Wood 520). Social phobias are fears of being in situations where your activities can be watched and judged by others. People with social phobias try to avoid social functions at all costs and find excuses not to go to parties or out on dates. This avoidance is the difference between having a social phobia and simply just being shy. Panic attacks are the third kind of phobia. They can change the quality of a person’s life. Someone with a phobia this bad may be shopping at the supermarket and suddenly experience dizziness and a feeling of being out of control. At that moment, the person experiences a fear of dying, with no safe place to go. When this happens more than once, the person might think they are going crazy. Someone with panic attacks soon won’t leave the house because of fear of a panic attack happening outside the house. Soon, depression s... ...6. Generalization from the original phobic stimulus to stimuli of a similar nature will occur; 7. Noxious experiences which occur under conditions of excessive confinement are more likely to produce phobic reactions; 8. Neutral stimuli which are associated with a noxious experience, may develop motivating properties. This acquired drive is termed the fear drive; 9. Responses (such as avoidance) which reduce the fear drive are reinforced; 10. Phobic reactions can be acquired vicariously (Rachman 31). These theories are used to identify how people obtain phobias and other situations that may occur with phobias. In conclusion, phobias are a big part of many people’s lives these days and a growing medical condition. People do not realize how badly phobias can affect their lives so they don’t receive medical attention. There are no cures for phobias but there are treatments which will help the phobic get over their fear. I personally believe that if people care enough about their lives, they will treat their phobias. Phobias can totally alter your life so if you have any of the symptoms I have listed above, please go and get treatment.

Life on Mars as a human :: essays research papers

"PLANET MARS, POPULATION 13,000", says the sign at the entrance of Mars, a "blink-and-you'll-miss-it" dot on the map of the solar system. It's a perfect story book planet: only six sets of traffic lights for our hover cars, a main street where you can say hello to any of the friendly, talkative beings nearby, lots of blazing rocks and a beautiful big canyon with an over-looking red sky. One thing a person from the planet would notice instantly, aside from the abundance of red rock and my planet's obsession with leaning buildings, is the fact that people of different races, other than green, stand out like flashing lights in a dark sky. See, the thing with Mars is the percentage of green beings is roughly 95 per cent. Don't get me wrong; in principle, there's nothing wrong with that. I'm just stating the facts. Given that my mother is Human and my father is from Uranus, however, I really stood out in Mars. For someone so physically and culturally distinctive, you may think that a small planet would be terrible to live in. But, for me, the experience was the total opposite. I never acknowledged my racial difference because no one else did. The only times I felt slightly out of place or uncomfortable was during discussions about different cultures at school. I'd always have this feeling that everyone was thinking about me and looking at me, wondering if I lived like the people we were discussing or not. To make myself feel better, I just thought of it as flattery. As their only real life subject, they could feel free to ask me questions. In my experience, being a minority is only a negative thing if you allow it to be. I didn't try to be someone I wasn't, so my race never did matter. Many people have blamed a lot of their problems on racism, stereotypes, and discrimination. Unfortunately, there are times when that is the reason. In some cases, however, people make it into a reason. They become so obsessed with the thought that anyone who is 'this' or 'that' is the problem. I have three words for them, just drop it. Stop making more problems, we already have enough. Sometimes the solar system would be better off colour blind. At times, I have been called an ‘apple,' green on the outside and white on the inside.

One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

In the novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the author, Ken Kesey, chose a patient suffering from schizophrenia to narrate the story that is based on Kesey’s own experiences. The first-person narrative of a patient, Chief Bromden, makes the asylum setting ordinary, and encourages the reader to invest in the personalities of its inhabitants instead of perceiving the characters as mere poke and shallow. Kasey’s inclusion of Bromden’s delusions within the narrative itself, which are at first a disruption to the reader used to linear narratives of the real, become merely another narrative model for the reader as the novel progresses. Demonstration thought allows the reader to discover that while Bromden’s disability makes him different, it is not debilitating for him as a narrator, nor, more importantly, as a man. Such insights into Bromden and the others initiate in the reader a reassessment of potentially unexamined perceptions of mental institutions, their inhabitants, and lead the reader to review the origins of concepts such as blind and speechless. The novel is seen through the eye of Chief Bromden and how he interprets the world he lives in, which he calls â€Å"the Combine. Bromden has a very observant eye and gives detailed descriptions. His peer’s false assumption of Bromden’s hearing gives Chief the ability to spy, revealing foreshadowing details. Although these characteristics make him a reliable source and a high-quality narrator, because of Chief’s hallucinations and paranoia, some of his opinions and visions are misleading. If the story were told through a sane characte r, such as Randal McMurphy, the distinction between reality and illusion would have been more lucid. Using Chief Bromden as a narrator puts limitations on the reader’s interpretations, but also gives a very reliable and creative perspective of the events in Ken Kesey’s, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Very detailed descriptions make a scene seem more real. Chief Bromden is a very descriptive narrator and he describes his world uniquely. â€Å"It’s still hard for me to have clear mind thinking on it. But it’s the truth even if it didn’t happen (13),† said Bromden. Though what he describes sounds unrealistic and impossible, it, metaphorically, is true and gives the reader a better understanding of the context, even if it didn’t actually happen. When Nurse Ratched became very intense, Bromden described her as â€Å"swelling up, swells till her back’s splitting out of the white uniform (11). † A person cannot swell and rip out of their cloths in a matter of seconds and this example shows how exaggerated and animated Bromden narrates. This description gives the reader a clear picture of how mad and furious this woman can get. When Bromden witnesses McMurphy encounter the nurse in the hallway wearing only a towel, Chief describes the big nurse’s reaction as he interprets it. Bromden explains the nurse’s reaction as going from a beastly scary size to a small intimidated size. â€Å"Just as she’s rolling along at her biggest and meanest, McMurphy steps out of the latrine door right in front of her, holding a towel around his hips-stops her dead! She shrinks to about head-high to where that towel covers him, and he’s grinning down on her. Her own grin is giving way, sagging at the edges (86). † Bromden explains how the nurse felt extremely threatened by McMurphy exposed sexuality in a very creative and effective way. Metaphorically, what he saw is true. Bromden’s unique way of understanding and then explaining events helps emphasize important details in the novel and having this ability makes him an informative narrator. Along with his unique eye, Bromden has a very interesting way of eavesdropping that also makes him a great narrator. Chief Bromden’s lack of speech created the impression that Chief was â€Å"deaf and dumb† to the other patients and workers on the ward. â€Å"Just a bi-big deaf Indian,†(26) this is how the stuttering Billy Bibbit describes Bromden to the sane Randal McMurphy. Little do they know the quite and discreet patient listens in on the surrounding conversations as he sweeps the corridors. The Chief’s secret sense of hearing gives him the advantage not just the advantage of self informative but an advantage to all of the gossip within the ward and that makes him a knowledgeable character. The knowledge that Bromden overhears is one of the reasons he makes a good narrator. Such important discussions would not be held around other characters because others know they are capable of hearing. â€Å"If I signed up it’d be the same as coming right out and telling everybody I wasn’t deaf. If I’d been hearing all this talk about boats and fishing it’d show I’d been hearing everything else that’d had been said in confidence around me for the past ten years†¦ I had to keep on acting deaf if wanted to hear it all (178). † Bromden liked being able to listen in on Nurse Ratched and other workers’ conversations and his clandestine way of doing it made him a dependable, important character to the plot. Some of the information the Chief overhears foreshadows events. Nurse Ratched would often say confidential things around him because she too believed he was deaf. One day while Chief was sweeping the corridors, he overheard doctors in the staff meeting deciding how McMurphy should be handled due to his disruptive behavior. The doctors were debating whether or not to send him to the disturbed branch of the hospital. Nurse Ratched had a very interesting attitude toward this option and Bromden overheard: â€Å"He is simply a man and no more, and is subject to all fears and all the cowardice and all the timidity that any other man is subject to. Given a few more days, I have a strong feeling that he will prove this, to us as well as the rest of the patients. If we keep him on the ward I am certain his brashness will subside, his self-made rebellion will dwindle to nothing, and our redheaded hero will cut himself down to something patients will all recognize and lose respect for (136)†. This segment is very significant for foreshadowing the fact that McMurphy will receive a lobotomy later in the novel. This part of the novel helps lead up to the climax. Bromden’s ability to discretely listen into conversations allows supplying information to the reader as well as advancing the plot. Although Bromden does have many advantages as the narrator, there are also many limitations due to his illness. Chief Bromden’s schizophrenia creates problems for the reader. His schizophrenia causes him to hallucinate. A hallucination is a mistaken idea or an allusion. Sometimes Chief Bromden described things that could have been a hallucination but also could have been real because of his creative way of explaining. This can cause confusion for the reader. When Blastic died, Bromden described the death in a way that gave the impression it was a hallucination. He goes to the bed and with one hand grabs the old vegetable Blastic by the heel and lifts him straight up like Blastic don’t weight more’s a few pounds†¦ The worker takes a scalpel and slices up the front of old Blastic with a clean swing†¦ I expect to be sick, but there’s no blood or innards falling out like I was looking to see-just a shower of rust and ashes, and now and then a piece o f wire or glass (80, 81). † Realistically, if Blastic were sliced open Bromden would see blood and bowels, but because Bromden describes what he sees as rust and wires, it gives the idea that this is only a hallucination. Surprisingly, though this seems unrealistic, Blastic did die during this scene of the novel but not how Bromden described it. This scene also seems like a hallucination because Bromden mentions retreating into â€Å"the fog. † He imagines that the staff controls a number of fog machines throughout the ward, and they are turned on whenever he is frightened. â€Å"They start the fog machine again and it’s snowing down cold and white all over me like skim milk (13),† describes Bromden before he receives electroshock therapy. The fog represents a safe haven for Bromden that makes him feel invisible to others when he is afraid. The fog limits the reader’s understanding of world inside the Mental Hospital because it allows Bromden to ignore reality. Abuse in Bromden’s world, which he calls â€Å"the Combine,† could have been even more shocking if we had been able to understand what was actually happening while Bromden was â€Å"hiding in the fog. † As a narrator, Bromden’s hallucinations and paranoia create limitations on his abilities to explain frightening details and can even cause confusion for the reader. The chief sees things in literal metaphors, he sees McMurphy as being really big in size because he is so brave (and big in spirit). The chief compares McMurphy to his father, because they were both such strong people. His father fought for a long time to save his land from the government, but eventually was made to give it up, this reduced him to wasting the rest of his life drinking and becoming a shadow of the man he once was. Using Chief Bromden as narrator has many ups and downs. He acts as an informational guide throughout the novel because he can secretly listen in on confidential conversations that foreshadow upcoming events. His ability to explain an event in such an effective manner also helps the reader better understands the story. Although, Chief Bromden’s mental illness does create defects. His paranoia causes him to often retreat into â€Å"the fog† as an escape from reality which can limit the readers understanding of atmosphere in the mental ward. The hallucinations also can make it difficult for the reader to differentiate a hallucination and reality. Ken Kesey’s experiences in the 1950’s are expressed very well in his novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, through the main character and narrator, Chief Bromden.