Lyndon B Johnson And The Vietnam War - 1470 Words

Widespread disaster, extreme mobilization, heightened fears and are all characteristics of war. The Vietnam War was a war that spanned almost twenty years, with over a decade of those years involving the United States military forces. During the war, elections so if things aren’t going your country’s way on the battlefront you are going to be on the hot seat. This is exactly what happened for Lyndon B Johnson amidst the Vietnam War. The year was 1968, with the incumbent President, not running for office anymore. The President of the United States was up for grabs and between the Vice President, Hubert Humphrey and Richard Nixon. Richard Nixon, in order to gain the upper hand in this election, would sabotage peace talks in Vietnam and end†¦show more content†¦Hubert Humphrey was Lyndon B. Johnson’s Vice President and due to this Richard Nixon felt that he didn’t need to campaign as hard because Humphrey was seen as another Lyndon B Johnson. On October 31, 1968, President Johnson announced to the United States during a televised speech that they were going to halt bombings of North Vietnam in order to have peace talks and hopefully create a resolution to end the war. â€Å"We have been engaged in discussions with the North Vietnamese in Paris since last May. The discussions began after I announced on the evening of March 31st in a television speech to the Nation that the United States—in an effort to get talks started on a settlement of the Vietnam War—had stopped the bombing of North Vietnam in the area where 90 percent of the people live. Therefore, our Ambassadors Harriman and Vance made it abundantly clear to the representatives of North Vietnam in the beginning that—as I had indicated on the evening of March 31st—we would stop the bombing of North Vietnamese territory entirely when that would lead to prompt and productive talks, meaning by that talks in which the Government of Vietnam w as free to participate. Our ambassadors also stressed that we could not stop the bombing so long as by doing so we would endanger the lives and the safety of our troops. For a good many weeks, there was no movement in the talks at all. The talks appeared to really be deadlocked. Then a few weeks ago, they entered a new and a very much more

ear 10 Additional Science Holiday Homework Free Essays

1) What are the two common isotopes of chlorine made up of? There are two types of chlorine atom- one has 17 protons and 18 neutrons(and so has a relative atomic mass of 35) and the other has 17 protons and 20 neutrons(and so has a relative atomic mass of 37). 2) Why was the Haber process such an important invention? Fritz Haber was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development of synthetic ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives. The Haber process is the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, over an iron catalyst to produce ammonia. We will write a custom essay sample on ear 10 Additional Science Holiday Homework or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Haber process is important sue to the fact ammonia is difficult to produce, on an industrial scale. The Haber process now produces 100 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer each year. 1% of the world’s annual energy supply is consumed in the Haber process and that fertilizer is responsible for sustaining 40% of the Earth’s population. 3) Find 3 exothermic and 3 endothermic reactions not mentioned in the textbook? An exothermic reaction is one that releases heat. Examples of exothermic reactions: * Adding concentrated acid to water. * Nuclear fission. * Condensation of rain from water vapour. The word endothermic describes a process or reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat. Examples of endothermic reactions: * Evaporation of water. * Melting solid salts. * Mixing water and ammonium nitrate. 4) Find 2 uses for a thermistor and 2 uses for a LDR. How does the change in their resistance make them suitable for these jobs? Thermistors can be used as replacements for fuses and as heating elements in small temperature controlled ovens. LDRs are used in street lights and clock radios. Change in resistance makes them suitable for their jobs because they change as the resistance changes- they depend on temperature and light. 5) Find the mains frequency and voltage of electricity in the USA, England and France. What does this mean about the safety of them and how possible it is to use an English hairdryer in these countries? France= 230 and 50, England = 240 and 50 and the USA= 120 and 60. This means that it is not safe to use appliances above a certain voltage in that country, and an adaptor must be used if an English hairdryer is to be plugged in. 6) Find out how the lights, sockets and cooker are wired in a house and why they are like this? The lights are in a radical circuit with junction boxes to aid the switching process. Sockets are either in a radical circuit or a ring. Cookers are on a separate fuse because they draw a larger current. 7) How is a lightning conductor like the earth wire in a plug? It is the same because like a lightning conductor, the earth wire will conduct any electricity which it comes into contact with to the ground. 8) Who was Geiger? Geiger was the man who co-invented the Geiger counter which measures the ionising radiation and discovered the atomic nucleus. 9) What evidence was there for the plum pudding model of the atom? Experiments on the beams of particles in a tube that were attracted to a positive charge showed that they must be negatively charged themselves. Other experiments showed that it would take about 2000 electrons to weigh the same as the lightest atom, hydrogen. The tiny negatively charged particles were called electrons. 10) What do the hormones insulin and glucagons do? Insulin converts glucose to glycogen which stops the glucose level form becoming too high, whilst glucagon converts glycogen to glucose to keep your blood sugar levels stable. 11) Find one controversy that is going on at the moment over stem cells. What do you think? Using embryonic stem cells as a clinical therapy for Parkinson’s disease. I think this is a good idea even though I do not agree with many other stuff that stem cells could possibly be used for as I thin using stem cells to treat Parkinson’s disease and also Alzheimer’s will benefit countless amount of people. 12) Describe the famous experiment Gregor Mendel did? Gregor Mendel was a monk who did an experiment on cross-breeding different types of peas to find out that offspring inherited characteristics in clear and predictable patterns. This helped develop the idea of genes and genetic material. How to cite ear 10 Additional Science Holiday Homework, Papers

Inside The Mouse Essay Example For Students

Inside The Mouse Essay Disney World places social controls on its visitors and workers in many ways. Disney is a very large corporation and has the power to implement these controls. The major forms of social control that I found were; consumerism, security, technology, location, conformity, and standards of behavior. Through these forms of social controls, Disney is able to control its visitors and workers. Consumerism at Disney starts before the visitors even get to Disney World. The consumerism starts with the pictures in the brochures. Selling the visitors on Disney World even before they get there. Showing pictures of happy families enjoying themselves at Disney World sells the idea of a safe and nice vacation to the visitors. When the visitor finally arrives at Disney, they are bombarded with products that have the Disney logo on them. Selling the visitors official Disney products. The products sold at Disney symbolize the goodness that Disney possesses. When the visitors purchase these products of memorabilia, it gives them the identity that they are good also, just like Disney is. If the visitors identity is good, they will feel safer at Disney World. This leads into the next form of social control at Disney World, security. Visitors to Disney World very rarely hear about accidents or crimes committed there. As Karen Klugman says in the book, Unless you live in Orlando and watch Channel 6 or know someone who works at the parks, you have probably never heard of any problems (104). I personally have never heard of any problems at any of the Disney parks. Having only been to the park in Orlando and the park in Tokyo, Japan, I felt very safe at both locations. This could be because Disney is a very safe place or that the news never gets out. I would imagine that the news never gets out past the cities the parks are located in. By keeping the parks safe, Disney gives the visitors a very good sense of safety. Disney is able to control its own environment for the visitors. It is a very powerful and rich corporation. There is always a Disney staff member around to help with minor accidents. If a child falls and scraped their knee I am sure, that Goofy or Mickey is right around the corner to help comfort the chil d. When Disney staff do this it gives the parents a greater sense of security for their children and themselves. With information booths and staff running around everywhere in costumes the visitors feel safe, especially the visitors with children. When Disney staff do this it gives the parents a greater sense of security for their children and themselves. With information booths and staff running around everywhere in costumes the visitors feel safe, especially the visitors with children. If a child gets separated from their parents, it will not be long before the child is returned or kept in a safe place until their parents are located. These are some of the reasons that Disney is a safe and pleasurable place for a family vacation. There is no perceivable danger to the visitors in a trip to Disney World. The world of technology also affects the visitors and workers at Disney. Through great advances in technology, Disney is a safe and almost crime free environment. With the use of surveillance cameras and new technology for rides and other attractions, Disney is a fairly safe place. There are surveillance cameras on the rides to ensure that unruly guests will not exit or disturb the attractions. With this technology making the environment inside Disney safer, the visitors feel safer. The technology at Disney also keeps dishonest and delinquent employees out of trouble. I am sure that the employees are watched as much if not more than the visitors are. If an employee decides to wonder off and take a break on the clock or skim a little amount of money out of the cash register someone will notice. This gives not only the employees a sense of a safe environment to work in; it also gives the visitors the same feeling. If the employees at Disney are honest and accountable, the visitors will feel safer being there. .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .postImageUrl , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:hover , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:visited , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:active { border:0!important; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:active , .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe79fa026da92d576e951ffe57fb443f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Communication within groups EssayAs described in Inside the Mouse, when a visitor is on the bus going to Disney they do not go through downtown to get there. The bus takes the scenic route to Disney. By making Disneys location away from the city, in a scenic and pleasurable place the visitors almost get the sense that they are in another world. The location of the Disney parks, in a pleasurable place, makes the visitors forget about their worries. The visitors feel safe in this utopia, not having to worry about the daily routine of life or work. The placement of the parks by Disney had to be strategically planed. The nice sunny and tropical environments, lying on the beach , staying at a leisurely resort, these all give the visitors a new identity, a care free identity. By having a worry and carefree environment for their visitors, Disney invokes a sense of security and safety. This pleasurable environment with a sense of safety influences the choices of the visitors to return to Disney, most will return. The social controls of conformity and standards of behavior go hand in hand. When the adult visitors enter Disney World, it takes them back into their childhood years, influencing their identities. The adult visitors ride the rides and eat cotton candy, just as they did when they visited the park as children. It gives them a carefree and fun identity. They conform to the standards of behavior of having fun and being happy. The children that visit the park do not have to conform to these standards because the standards are already set at the childrens level. Disney is one of the most powerful and rich corporations in the nation and can easily control the visitors through these social controls and norms set upon the visitors. Disney gives the visitors a safe and secure environment to take their family on vacation, influencing them the whole time. Based on the book, lecture, and discussions I would have to choose public governmental institutions to regulate future social environments. The use of private corporate institutions is becoming too wide spread in America today. Corporations control everything in our world, from transportation to amusement parks to public gathering places. When corporations control our world there is no sense of national pride, and the people give up their rights as citizens of a country that is ruled by corporations. Corporations can make their own rules and regulations and enforce them however they please. If things are ran by the government, a sense of equalization is achieved. There are equal rules and regulations for everyone everywhere. The people have rights under governmental control, rights to keep themselves safe and secure. Under the control of corporations, the people lose these rights to the corporations. Giving the citizens less control over what they do and how they do it. The corporati ons tell them what they can and can not do, through corporate manuals and guide books. Although most people feel safer in a corporate controlled environment, they do not realize that they are giving up these rights. They give up their rights for the sense of safety, but in reality, their lives and identities are only being manipulated and influenced by the corporations. I believe that the public governmental institutions where equality id the baseline, is the best and only choice to regulate future social environments based on the ideas I have presented. Legal Issues Essays

Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany Essay Example

Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany Paper The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28th, 1919. It took David Lloyd-George, Prime Minister of Britain, Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, and Thomas Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States of America, six months to negotiate this peace treaty. I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was reasonable, mostly fair but sometimes unfair as well, as Germany had annexed parts of other countries and it was only fair to give those parts back to their original country, also Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country, destroying it. However, it was unfair that Germans who lived in parts of Germany, such as Posen and near Danzig, were not allowed to be German or a part of Germany, while for example Poles who had been living in Germany before the Treaty of Versailles, now had their own country, Poland. According to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to lose 10 percent of its land and all of its colonies1. Germans did not like this; however, Germany had annexed Alsace- Lorraine, two rich industrial parts of France after the Franco- Prussian wars in 1870 and 1871, and in 1918 after Russia had signed the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk, Germany took 35 percent of Russias land together with most of its industry. Germans were now thinking that losing 10 percent was a lot, when before they had had no problem with forcing Russia to lose 35 percent of its land, especially most of its industrial land. We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Treaty of Versailles now simply commanded Germany to return Alsace- Lorraine to France, the 35 percent of Russia was partly given back to Russia but was also use to form new countries, Schleswig was given to Denmark, West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia were given to Poland2 just to name a few. Article 116 of the Treaty of Versailles states: Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent and inalienable the independence of all the territories which were part of the former Russian Empire on August 1st, 1914. 3 And article 51 says that: The territories which were ceded to Germany in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, are restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the Armistice of November 11, 1918. The provisions of the Treaties establishing the delimitation of the frontiers before 1871 shall be restored. 4 These article states that Germany shall respect the parts of th e former Russian Empire, which it annexed, now to be free and no longer a part of Germany. The second article states that Alsace- Lorraine shall be returned to France, and that the German and French boundary is to be just like it was before the Franco- Prussia wars. Also articles such as, 83, 87 and 1095 command Germany to give land to Poland, Czechoslovakia and Denmark and establish the new German boarders. On August 4th, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium, which up till then had been a neutral country just like the Netherlands. With this act Germany broke article seven of the 1839 Treaty of London, which stated that: Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles I, II, and IV, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. It shall be bound to observe such neutrality towards all other States. 6 However, the German army went through Belgium plundering and terrorizing- they shot civilians, burned down towns, raped women and children7, while trying to full fill the Schlieffen Plan. The German army did not only do this to Belgium, but to all other countries they invaded, but Belgium is simply one of the most known as it marked the begin of World War One. As a result it is quite fair that Germany had to pay 132 billion German marks8 for the reparations of World War One, after they went through a country destroying it and its people, invaded other countries such as Russia and France, doing the same there. However, you can also look from the other side, Germany didnt only have to pay for the damage it made, but also for the damage the British, the French, the Russians, the Americans and everyone else who fought in the war made. But Germany was one of the strongest, on of the richest country and the USA, Britain and France could not let Germany stay too powerful. I still believe that this was not too harsh on Germany, as Germany caused a lot of damage and started the war, and now had to pay. One of Woodrow Wilsons fourteen points was self- determination. This meant that he wanted every nationality to be able to rule themselves, in their own country9. As a fact, this point was incorporated in the Treaty of Versailles leading to the creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and to the recreation Poland. Czechoslovakia was mostly made up of mostly Czechs (seven million) and Slovaks (two million). However, there were also seven hundred thousand Hungarians, four hundred fifty thousand Ukrainians and three and a half million Germans living in Czechoslovakia10. Yugoslavia was mostly made up of Serbs, Macedonians, Croats, Slovenes and Bosnians11. Poland was recreated but around thirty percent of its population was not Polish, but Russian or German or Jewish,12 to name some. Due to the Treaty these Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Macedonians and Slovenes, all got their own country, which they could rule. This was self- determination. However, the Germans living in Czechoslovakia were not allowed to be German and they were not allowed to live in their own country and be ruled by Germans. These Germans had to be Czechoslovakian, which a majority of the Germans did not want to be as many wanted to live inside Germany. The same thing happened with Poland and the Polish Corridor. The Germans living near Danzig, in the Polish Corridor, now no longer were German but Polish instead. This was basically against Woodrow Wilsons point of Self- determination, as these Germans were not allowed to live in their own country and to be their own nationality. Therefore I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was mostly fair but also a bit unfair, due to the fact that Germany had annexed parts of, for example France and Russia and it was nothing but fair, that Germany had to return this land. Also Germany started World War One or at least the actual fighting, by invading the neutral state of Belgium, demolishing it. And lastly, and the reason why I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was a bit unfair, because Germans living in parts of Germany that were given to another country, were not allowed to rule themselves, or to live in their own country going against the point of self- determination in the Treaty of Versailles. All in all I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was reasonable. References http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/partiii.asp http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/london1839.htm https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/1004/Germany-finishes-paying-WWI-reparations-ending-century-of-guilt

Differentiated marketing strategy Essays

Differentiated marketing strategy Essays Differentiated marketing strategy Paper Differentiated marketing strategy Paper Critical evaluation: You need to prove to Sally that your current targeting approach is effective or whether there is a better alternative. Consider what unsatisfied needs may exist in the market that could represent opportunities for your organisation. (3 pages)(10 marks) The BMW 7 series target market is basically a small market with a majority of the customers being senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men. This target market however is by no means small in the eyes of BMW, as they represent the class of customers whom BMW wants to target as they have the capacity to afford prestige automobiles and also have taste for superior class and style. By targeting this group of customers, BMW has to be highly creative and innovative as with higher cost, higher standards are also expected. Even though the size of the targeted market is small, its of high importance to BMW. BMW could easily have adopted a cheaper range of automobiles, but this would not fit well with their customers, whom have come to see BMWs name to be associated with that of prestige and luxury automobile that are substantially expensive but of very elevated quality. This targeted market however can be seen as a growing market, as more customers become keen on having technological enhanced automobiles together with enhanced features that are offered with this 7 series. The new BMW 7 series has been position in the mindset of customers as the being a pleasure to enjoy (appendix 2). Using differentiated marketing strategy we can clearly define the customers for the new 7 series (Kotler, 2001:307). By targeting the segments of senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men, we have defined what range of customers the 7 series would acquire. These would be our target market for the 7 series. We could have easily targeted a larger section of the market, but the 7 series would and might not have appealed to the entire market. Even though the 7 series represents prestige and massive advancements in technologic, it might not be appealing to a working class man, in his 20s. This is because the price of the 7 series might be too high for him and also he might like a sportier looking automobile, which is clearly what the new 7 series is not. BMW could have easily captured this section of the market too, but to make the new 7 series sportier and cheaper might have devastating effects on the original target market. As their original perception of the new 7 series would have been one of prestige and luxury and with a high price without the sporty body. If we were to lower our new 7 series prices, it might lead to a very perceptive view of the image of BMW. As BMW has been known to offer quality automobiles at premium prices. With the launch of the Mercedes-Benz new E-Class, priced at $119, 000, we would have to re-evaluate our 7 series target market to better cope with this new introduction to the automobile market (appendix 4). In terms of features, we are still significantly in the competitive edge, however to better sales and profits we might have to better position our new 7 series to the target market (perceptual map). With the Mercedes-Benz new E-Class automobile being significantly much more lowered priced then our new 7 series, we would need to wait and see if this price for the E-Class is a temporary introductory price or is it here to stay. If it is then we would need to significantly adjust our price range for our new 7 series to compete with the E-Class in terms of pricing. Benefits segmentation would be greatly influential and might draw more customers to the new 7 series (perceptual map). Benefit like the two year warranty and subsequent extension to the warranty with BMW Warranty Plus would add further benefits to our customers. This could and might lead to more loyal customers, which is ultimate better for us. Other benefits include the BMW Roadside Assistance, complimentary car hire and accommodation and the special BMW 1-800 number (www. bmw. com. au). These benefits can significantly facilitate to segment the market into groups according to the different benefits that consumers seek from the product (Kotler, 2001:298). However as I have stated above that the typical customers of the new BMW 7 series are basically senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men, we have disregarded a portion of this targeted market and they are the female executives who have also the same desires and passion shared by their male counterparts. We have to develop new marketing mixes to better position this BMW 7 series into the mindset of these female customers and by gaining them as customer we can have massive improvements to sales and profits. Proper marketing mixes should be done through promotions with famous female personalities that this female executives can related them to. However we have to pay special care and not transform the new 7 series to a femine modeled automobile, as this might lead our current male customers away from us. We got to strike a balance between both the male and female sections of these targeted market. Unsatisfied needs might arise as competitors might come up with better technological automobiles with better features to counter our new 7 series. We could implement strategies to counter this unsatisfied needs with surveys of customers and their perception and thoughts for further improvements on the 7 series. Many gaps can be significantly bridged, as seen in appendix 3, with the idea of personalizing the interior and exterior colours and designs of the new 7 series being one of them (appendix 3). With these surveys and customization we could get insights to the way our customers feel about our 7 series and go about making improvements for the future that would represent opportunities for BMW in terms of sales and profits.

Benedict Arnold in the Revolutionary War

With this difficult journey, Arnold and his men's weather conditions, topography and proper water supply are problems. During this difficult journey, Arnold should have written to a reliable Indian scout and brought it to Schuler, but it went to the hands of Britain. The situation was harsh, and some of Arnold's people left and removed the very necessary supplies. Arnold left 600 men and they were forced to reduce consumption of candles, dogs and shoes leather. After they strolled 350 miles of snow and rain, Arnold won the eternal respect of his men and called the Hannibal of the United States. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. As a freelancer, Arnold was promoted to General Army General during the Revolutionary War. He was dissatisfied with lack of awareness then turned his eyes to the UK and plans to surrender to West Point. When his rebellious plan was revealed, Arnold escaped capture and eventually traveled to the UK. He died in London on 14 Ju ne 1801. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. Arnold 's father was a successful businessman and young Benedict was educated at a private school. After his three children died of yellow fever, Benedictine senior began to drink alcoholily and fell into the era of economic difficulties. Little Benedict left the apprenticeship of the pharmacist When the revolutionary war began, Benedict Arnold became a prosperous ship owner, businessman and businessman. Within a few days, Arnold again had a strong interest in war and joined the US military. All the fight Arnold ordered showed great courage and courage, but as he betrayed the Americans, soon he was called the greatest traitor in the United States. With the outbreak of a revolutionary war, Benedict Arnold voluntarily decided to lead more than 1,000 males to Maine. He asked other people in the company to join the army. Arnold then became Captain of the Connecticut militia. General George Washington has his favorite, Arnold is one of the few. As a result, Benedict Arnold was sent from Washington to the 500-mile hell parade in Maine State (also known as Rock). (Mac 7 2) Only about 50% of Benedict Arnold former soldiers came to the St. Lawrence River where they met General Montgomery

In the movie The Hurricane what was Ruben Hurricane Carter's Identity, Essay

In the movie The Hurricane what was Ruben Hurricane Carter's Identity, meaning and relationships with other chartecters - Essay Example Carter has personally authored the screenplay which is the reason why it fundamentally portrays the opinion of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. The film portrays Carter as a passerby who is innocent and is not involved in the act of murder. According to the story’s plot, Carter was driving with a friend of his named John Artis towards home. They were on their way back from a club in Paterson when the police made them stop and inquired them about the murder of three people in a bar. The police’s suspicion was flared up by the claim of Alfred Bello that Artis and Carter were the witnesses of the act of murder. The police arrested Artis and Carter due to the allegations imposed by Bello upon the two and later, Carter was sentenced for life thrice. Carter maintained his position saying that he was being humiliated because of his African American race and his active participation in the civil rights movement. Despite the fact that Arthur Bradley and Bello recanted their allegation in 1974, Artis and Carter faced reconviction. Carter’s case was reinvestigated in 1980s by the state of New Jersey upon the insistence of Lesra Martin, a Brooklyn teenager who was working with activists from Canada. The Federal District Court decided in 1985 that the conviction of Carter happened solely because of racism.

Consideration - Pre-existing Duties and Part Payment of Debts Essay

Consideration - Pre-existing Duties and Part Payment of Debts - Essay Example The facts of the case were that a borrower, Cole, owed Pinnel [the lender] the equivalent of  £8.50 [ £8-10s-0d] which was to be repaid on 11 November. At the lender’s request, the borrower paid  £5.11 [ £5-2s-2d] on 1 October, which the lender claimed to accept in full settlement of the debt.    The lender then successfully sued the borrower for the outstanding amount.   The House of Lords held that since no consideration was exchanged to enforce the promise of the lender to accept part-payment of a debt on the due date from the borrower, then the lender could pursue full payment of the debt at a later date. This remains the general rule at common law.   However, in Pinnel’s Case, it was also said that the agreement to accept part payment would have bound the lender if fresh consideration had been provided to show accord and satisfaction.   This might be: The facts of the case were that a borrower, Cole, owed Pinnel [the lender] the equivalent of  £8. 50 which was to be repaid on 11 November. At the lender’s request, the borrower paid  £5.11 [ £5-2s-2d] on 1 October, which the lender claimed to accept in full settlement of the debt.    The lender then successfully sued the borrower for the outstanding amount.   The House of Lords held that since no consideration was exchanged to enforce the promise of the lender to accept part-payment of a debt on the due date from the borrower, then the lender could pursue full payment of the debt at a later date.

To Kill A Mocking Bird Movie Review Essay Example for Free

To Kill A Mocking Bird Movie Review Essay The movie, â€Å"To Kill A Mocking Bird,† is the story told through the perspective of Scout Finch, an aggressive 6-year old girl, about the many cases of injustice and prejudice plaguing Maycomb, Alabama in 1932. Scout, along with his older brother Jem, and their friend Dill, are intrigued by their solitary neighbor, Boo Radley. Although there were times that Boo left presents for them outside his house, they were still unable to see him in person. Meanwhile, Atticus, Scout and Jem’s widowed father, a lawyer is designated to defend, Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman named Mayella Ewell. Although Atticus does his best to establish the innocence of Tom and to prove that his accusers Mayella and her drunken father, Bob Ewell, are lying, the jury, composed of white men and women, convicts him. Subsequently, Tom is killed while trying to escape prison. After being humiliated during the trial, Bob vowed revenge on Atticus. He attacks his defenseless children, Scout and Jem, but the two are rescued by a mysterious man who is later found out to be the reclusive Boo Radley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, the setting is highly realistic and captures the true essence of the injustice and prejudice during that time. The main casts namely, Mary Badham (Scout), Philip Alford (Jem), John Megna (Dill), Brock Peters (Tom Robinson), Gregory Peck (Atticus), and Robert Duval (Boo Radley),   fleshed out their roles perfectly. Their acting, coupled with their well-designed costumes, significantly gave the movie a realistic touch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cinematography, done by Russell Harlan, provided great angular shots in the movie, particularly in scenes where there is suspense and action. The lighting was also well-done as it blended well with the camera shots and angles done in the movie. In short, the cinematography greatly complemented the good acting and excellent setting of the movie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the music, which was produced by Elmer Bernstein, added further to the greatness of the movie, as it featured tracks that were very appropriate for every scene. Over-all, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† was a highly memorable movie mainly driven by exceptional acting. All of its elements worked harmoniously to produce an exceptional film that is truly one for the ages.

Media and Society Essay -- Communication, Aboriginal People, Othering

Media The media is also responsible for some of the stereotypes that resonate among society about Aboriginal people. Hollywood, news and books are all media resources in which Aboriginal people might be presented in negative ways. For example, in many Hollywood movies, Aboriginal peoples are depicted as savage like or illiterate beings who abuse alcohol and women respectively. They are also overrepresented in terms of poor mothering, substance abuse, and seen as lazy in competent people instead of historical trauma victims. Aboriginal men and women are also criminalised in violence and other oppressive situations. Othering Othering is a term that is used to identify people who are different from the mainstream or majority and contributes to the territorial struggles of domination and subordination. The literature shows that othering is a way of marginalising minorities in the health care system. It is something that nurses can do without realising and can be used to identify one’s self from others. Othering someone makes them different than the norm of society or what is expected of the status quo. Raising awareness about othering is important because it can occur on a daily basis without recognition and often have consequences. Othering affects the broader health care structures and needs to be studied in order for modifications to be implemented. The concept of othering has been used in different schools of thought such as feminism and racism. Othering is a means of looking at the inequality of people. According to Bowes (1993) â€Å"Othering can affect health by creating access barriers: Tho se who have had negative experiences in the health system and those who feel unwelcome are less likely to re-enter the health system ... ...er relationships in nursing service delivery. It is about setting up systems which enable the less powerful to genuinely monitor the attitudes and services of the powerful, to comment with safety and ultimately to create useful and positive change which can only be of benefit to nursing and to people we serve† (Ramsden, 1993 as cited in Polaschek, 1998, p. 453). The point of culturally safe practice is not only for nurses to learn but to also discover why or how premeditated biases are formed and then work to change attitudes. Therefore, once insight in gained on postcolonial and socio political chronicles, attitudes should change. This will help to unravel elements of the underlying issues of what constitutes culturally unsafe care. This should be followed by changing nursing policies in health care settings and broader health care structures (Polaschek, 1998).

Experience& self awareness

Furthermore I can assure you my service will be of benefit certainly look forward to hearing back from you soon. Kathy lacked sufficient emotional intelligence to be effective in her new project manager assignment by Self awareness: Kathy had a deep understanding of her strength not her weakness to have time to talk to her staff. There was also lack of empathy as she failed to have the â€Å"ability to recognise the feelings and expectations of others and take them into consideration† as they were also local residents. Poor relationship with the staff resulted to â€Å"a campaign of passive resistance to her leadership†. 2.The element she exhibit successfully were: Motivation: although the project became quickly bogged due to poor performance she still managed to motivate herself and â€Å"pushed her team hard†. Also by settling goals for staff and senior members of the project to â€Å"work long hours† to accomplish important milestones in order to comple te the assignment. B. Main methods of communication include: Verbal communication either through sound, work or speaking to other members of the project or recorded clips of the senior members.Also Written communication either emailing or letters with the use of computers and internet for emails. In addition visual communication through graphs from excel or video clips on YouTube or television therefore contributing to the IT and applications. C. 5 Traits of emotional intelligence me: Self awareness: In high school was given a presentation on Kidneys, a sensitive topic managed to trust my intuition& took control of my emotions as that was my weakness. Self regulation: one of my cousins used my bag without asking, i had to hink of how I was going to talk to them instead of fighting.Motivation: When given 2 or more assignments during college treated myself if i finished a day before the deadline& the days increased as the year progressed. Empathy: when my friend lost her Job& i had Ju st got a Job I helped her with some of her bills as I had been in a similar situation before. Social skills: I managed to build a good relationship with my new workmates as well as maintaining one with my friends and family. experience& self awareness By naume2

America in Black and White

Langston Hughes was an important and defining figure of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s up to the 1930’s, a decade of great activity in the African-American arts scene. Hughes was known for the rhythm, jazz and blues, of his poetry. The theme of his poetry is mostly on the life experiences of the African-American. In his Theme for English B, Hughes expresses the reality in the disparity – of being Black among Whites. In the first stanza, the professor’s assignment was specific and defined which was to write a page about oneself. It was a deviation from the usual rigid English lessons, like classical poems.Writing about oneself was more loose and relaxed. Hughes used iambic quatrain to taunt the rigidity of the instruction. Hughes made it known from the beginning that student and professor were different. The student thought the assignment over, and wondered if it was easy writing about oneself. Hughes used the free-verse style on rest of the poem to c ontrast the earlier quatrain. Alliteration and Assonance in Line 7, â€Å"I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem† had the jazz sounds of Harlem. Here, Hughes bared that the student was Black and therefore the professor was White.When he combined two vowel sounds in Line 10, â€Å"I am the only colored student in my class† Hughes indicated how strongly the student felt about being Black. Hughes used metaphors to denote Black with Harlem, 8th Avenue, 7th Street and Harlem Branch Y, places where there was heavy African-American population. There was a noticeable change in the order of the [I] from Lines 6, 7, 8 and 10, such as, â€Å"I wonder†¦ / I am twenty-two †¦ / I went to school there †¦ / I am the only †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to Lines 12-14 â€Å"†¦ then I cross †¦/ †¦ and I come †¦ / †¦ where I come †¦ /. † The [I] used to start off the lines, they now end off the lines.Such reversal was a symbolical of the place the Black took in society. The symbolism of coming from African-American places going upwards to the school on the hill and taking the elevator to his room at the Y told of the student’s efforts to reach the level of the Whites. It must be recalled in Line 6 that the student had doubts â€Å"I wonder if it’s that simple? † referring to the assignment. Now at Line 16, he was sure that â€Å"It is not easy to know what is true for you or me. † Hughes at this point now came with the â€Å"you† together with the â€Å"me.† With â€Å"I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you:† â€Å"hear you, hear me – we two – you me, talk on this page† (Lines18-19) the student was not just writing about himself but of the whole African-American people. The sound of the assonance was strong like the clamor for equality. In Lines 21-26, the student cried out that he, in many ways, was like a white man with the same wants and aspira tions in life. Hughes’ metaphors for gifts like â€Å"pipe† to mean growing old, â€Å"Bessie† for Blues, â€Å"Bop† for Jazz, and â€Å"Bach† for the classical and Baroque music.The student wrote that the African-American also wanted the things the White man enjoyed. Hughes subtly presented the issue of racism by completely leaving out the assonance, instead, the student was introspective when he asked â€Å"So will my page be colored that I write? † (Line 27). Despite the absence of the assonance, Hughes was still able to convey what the student wanted – to experience life, like the Whites do, until he is old when he smokes his pipe and listen to good music. The professor and the student were a contrast from the start, with conflicts in between.Hughes found a common ground in Lines 31-33 â€Å"You are white — / yet part of me, as I am part of you. / That’s American. † He followed it up with Lines 37-38 â€Å"As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me –† Hughes tried to make his readers see that the equalizer comes in both their being Americans. Theme for English B gives a very light treatment, being a free verse, of a compelling issue such as racism. The readers are able to internalize the poem through its rhythm. The tone of the poem is reflective as it is assertive with the use of the poetic voice of â€Å"I† coming as it is from someone who has a personal stake on the issue.Hughes was excellent in the use of a page for a composition in an English B class, where the student would use black ink to write on a white sheet of writing paper. The symbolisms accurately portrayed the issue in the poem – that Blacks and Whites despite their difference should not be opposing colors of America. They will both write history and define their future as Americans. References Hughes, L. (1951). Theme for English B. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from http://www. eecs. harvard. edu/~keith/poems/English_B. html

buy custom Learning and Teaching essay

buy custom Learning and Teaching essay Jean Piaget studied how the Childs understanding develops when he observed them as they performed exercises he had given them. His study led him to develop a theory on the role of maturation on the capacity of a child to understand their surrounding. He identifies, in his study, ages 7years to 12 years as the ages when the child starts to identify their capabilities. In essence, this suggests that, before these ages, the child is not able to understand matters in particular ways. The normal cascade of a childs psychological development, according to Piaget, would involve Adaptation, Classification, Class inclusion, Conservation, Decentration, Egocentrism, Operation, Schema, and stage. As an elementary school teacher, I am at a different stage of understanding from most of the students. Most of these students are still either at the pre-operational or Concrete operational stages of understanding, while I, as a teacher, is at the Formal operational stage. At these stages, their thinking is still egocentric, and they have difficulties taking the view points of other people. They have also barely acquired the capacity to classify things in accordance to several features, and achieved conservation of numbers, mass, and weight. I, on the other hand, is capable of thinking logically and systematically testing hypothesis. I am more concerned about hypothetical and ideological problems. Therefore, for effective communication with the students, the teacher has an obligation to alter their teaching methods or styles to suit Pre-operational and Concrete operational stage of understanding. For instance, instead of merely stating simple facts by verbal language, I would try to use objects and shapes to explain some languages. I would also be more patient and accommodative with these students, with the understanding that most of them are still egocentric in their thinking. Buy custom Learning and Teaching essay

Audience and marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Audience and marketing - Coursework Example Social Medias, such as YouTube and Facebook promotion was done by uploading various video trailers such as the Lumiere trailer which had 90% views from United Kingdom. Promotion was also done through forwarding emails to various recipients. Additional promotion was sent out via local newspapers, universities or through agencies. The graph below shows social media visits by country. United Kingdom recorded the highest number of website visitors at 92%. Most of the website visitors originated from Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne city in United Kingdom had the highest number of visitors by location as shown in graph two. A new website was constructed by ID media including mobile version sponsored by Visit Durham County. The new site was built to accommodate more content basically designed to amplify the visitors experience and also to allow those who failed to attend to attend the function in person to also enjoy the event. The content in the website included interviews with local artists and local historians. From July 08 2013 to December 08 2013 the site had received a total of 291,617 visits. With unique visits totaling 204,657 page views, 964,859 visit duration and 03:08 visit duration. After public announcement, traffic to the website increased at an increasing rate from august 2013 to December 2013. After public announcement, total page visits was 122,535 with unique visitors totaling 87,432 page ,407,867 visit duration and 03:05 visit duration On the opening date of the festival on 14 November 2013 the website traffic was 492. The high number was recorded because IKEA had sent out major email campaign to users which attracted 450 of the 492 visits. The most popular viewed page in the website was the home page and tickets page. The Durham homepage had 200,000 page views and 160,000 unique page views. The tickets page views were 100,000 and 75,000 unique page views. 51.5% of these visits were accessed via a desktop, 29.6% from mobiles and 18.8% from

PC Chipsets Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PC Chipsets - Case Study Example This was up by roughly 2.1 % from the previous year. Its next closest competitor was Toshiba, which barely took second place with 5.0% of the total market. This was not a good year for Toshiba, which saw its market share drop by almost 1% from the previous year. Closely nipping at its heels was STMicroelectronics, a company that took in 4.7% of the market. The company did relatively well, with its share up from 4.0% in 2000. Texas Instruments and Samsung complete the top 5 microchip industry leaders, but both showed signs of decline in 2001, in a nod to a terrible year for microchip producers. Everyone knows just how dominant Intel is in the microchip and microprocessor business. But since Paul Otellini began his tenure as CEO in 2006, Intel has rapidly diversified its business approach. According to Mcgregor (2007), "The new Intel is changing the competitive landscape with its expansion into new markets. Thus, entry into these industries has brought new competition for the silicon giant from companies such as ARM and VIA in the low-power form factors and consumer electronics space, while more traditional competitors such as AMD and IBM adopt a flanking stance to these new strategies. ( p. 17) AMD has actually been trying numerous strategies to try and catch up with the dominance of Intel. In what some industry analysts viewed as a ploy to increase their share price, AMD filed an antitrust suit against Intel. Business Week (2005) states that "the company has filed sealed court documents alleging that Intel Corp. used unfair business practices and scare tactics to stop AMD from winning microprocessor contracts with major computer makers" (p. 9) Intel would later sharply refute these allegations, arguing that its rival was the victim of its own lapses in judgment. In a nutshell, AMD is the only major competitor in the processor market. Competitors in PC chipsets include VIA Technologies, SiS, ATI, and Nvidia, and its competitors in flash memory include Spansion, Samsung, and Hynix. 1 2. Products that use the Intel Chip The world's largest semiconductor company is the inventor of x86 series of microprocessors, which is basically the processor found in most of the world's computers. It is responsible for much of the growth in the personal computer industry, and is the undisputed leader in producing microprocessor chips. In the 1980's at the onset of the personal computer revolution, Intel supplied chips to both IBM and Compaq, setting up the stage for a competitive market for PC-compatible systems. This set up Intel as a key component supplier in the rapidly emerging market. Today, the biggest names in the market make use of the Core2Duo and Intel Centrino processors in what serves as the closest thing to a market standard. Among many others, heavyweights such as Dell and IBM use Intel processors in all of their desktop and notebook pc models. Even former competitors have started to join the fray, as the New York Times (2007) announced that "Sun Microsytems and Intel, two technology companies that ha ve rarely found themselves on the same side of the aisle, announced a deal on Monday for Sun to use Intel chips in some of its computer servers, a setback for rival chip maker Advanced Micro Devices" ( p. 8) However, the biggest coup for Intel was when Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be switching from its PowerPC

Hadron collider Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hadron collider - Assignment Example The research carried out by the organization assesses the likelihood of hazardous experiences in the context of the present assumptions laid out by physicists (Beech 190). However, the theories are not complete, creating a possibility of unforeseen occurrences. The present knowledge and theories man has about physics cannot predict the side effects of the LHC on the planet (Halpern 47). As a result, several authors have analyzed and discussed dangers that might occur from the use of the LHC on planet Earth. Studies from CERN have accepted the rule that the collisions of particles in the LHC will generate elements with velocities far much less than those generated by cosmic rays (Erdmann and MÃ ¼ller 65). This implies that the cosmic ray trial cannot firmly be applied to the LHC. As a result, the planet might easily capture some of the unanticipated heavy particles. This idea has driven other researchers and writers to form ground for studies on the possibility of risks from the use of the LHC (Evans 214). The formation of black holes is the main concern that string theorists are worried will occur with they use of the LHC. Mini black holes have been predicted to form due to the collision of the particles, and are able to swallow up the earth. Strangelets are another potential collider product from the use of the LHC (Steiger and Uhl 13). Strangelets could speed up the conversion of ordinary matter into more strangelets. As a result, the Earth might into a small sphere of strangelets. Safety factors might also be compromised. Certain theorists believe that the black holes likely to form might dissolve through hawking emission (ACS and CSA 111). This forms a danger in the use of the LHC since the collection of strangelets must be electrically constructive on its surface. If not, physicists consider the possibility of the non-fading of micro black holes (Lincoln 21). Another danger

Identify an organisation which has developed an e-business strategy Essay

Identify an organisation which has developed an e-business strategy and utilises ICT applications to deliver enhanced customer v - Essay Example Introduction General electric Inc. (GE) is a fleet management company with operations in United Kingdom and the US among other markets. GE has been using a platform computer based applications platform for fleet management over the years but over, better versions of the platform were developed were available in the market. E-Business strategies provide firms with growth opportunities (Hanna, 2010). GE adopted a growth e-business strategy in order to boost sales and avoid the risk of stagnating at the global market as Bhusry (2008) explains. To achieve success for its strategy GE decided, to adopt an ICT tool procured from Micro-strategies, an independent software vendor. The new tool is basically an upgrade on its existing fleet management software with additional functionality of supporting a Decision Support System(DSS). Theory and Analysis Evolution of the internet has enabled firms that embrace technology reap benefits related to better efficiency and effectiveness, increased sal es, better customer relations, new market discoveries as well as higher profitability in the event that the strategy was value driven(Cheung, 2007). Through the internet, GE has been able to access the global, targeting a larger potential market for its product offering. GE uses its ICT tools to provide information to the drivers of its fleet as well as the fleet managers with broken down easy to read reports. The reports assist in enabling a faster decision making process and response time to operational inefficiency encountered at the work place. The DSS systems provided the reports via email or text message service, thus regardless of location, a mobile phone is all a driver or fleet manager needs to have. Businesses can only realize benefits of adopting e-business strategies if they are keen enough to research, develop, and successfully execute these strategies (Kamel, 2006). In addition to this, (Kotleret al.2006) explain that only firms that adopt strategies that are relevant to the demand of clients and value driven can successfully reap the benefits of e-business. In order for the strategies to be relevant, a firm has to identify its value drivers and match this with the best e- business strategies it has, where possible merging the two with the internet, especially so for firms operating globally like GE in this case. Value drivers vary according to the different models of businesses different enterprises adopt. The drivers are key to operation of an enterprise and have a direct impact on how the business operates (Beynon, 2004) Opportunities Existent to GE GE, as at the time of adopting this e-business strategy was handling management of over a million commercial vehicles for its corporate clientele. According to Hitchcock & Willard (2006) a strategy drives the daily operations of a firm. GE, before adoption of the strategy, was using an e-commerce platform for fleet management that was functional and efficient in managing the fleet and relaying data back to the fleet managers. According to Hitchcock & Willard (2006), an ICT platform forms the foundation for the operations of an organization. GE has chosen the DSS platform to help in achieving success of their growth. The DSS system was to allow for faster decision making process to create value for customers by enhancing the quality of

Importance of Internal Communication within an Organisation

Importance of Internal Communication within an Organisation Introduction What is internal communication? Internal communication in simple words is communicating with all the possible way and channels of communication within the organisation, there may be many departments, offices all over the country or globe, which includes ample of mass working, but the focus of this internal communication system should be that every person eligible for any new updates/upgrades or any other kind of change in the organisation which keeps on happening from time to time basis should be well communicated with all these mentioned above. Internal communication does not only mean communicating in some of the official ways such as meetings or conferences or updating through news letters or with putting just a white paper with some prints on a notice board where there are chances of it being neglected/oversight. As mentioned, it is not one way communication, hence here it is not only the top level management who communicates with the other but its the other way where there are constant interactions between all the levels of management with a valid meaning related to the working of the organisation. With all the communication ways such as meetings, memos, telecommunications, etc body language, pleasantries and gossip also play a very important role. How significant is internal communication? Internal communication is significant for building a strong block of the organisational culture. Internal communication system is designed in such a way that it should reach all the possible candidates in the organisation. These days the most priority in the organisation is effective internal communication. The more effective the internal communication within the organisation the more quick it is to communicate any changes happening in the company. Hence it then becomes easy for all the interactions between all the levels of management. Personal interaction is also an important key in the internal communication system. The best thing about this is again that communication flows in all directions rather then up to down or vice versa. Change within the organisation. Change being the only constant in every part of life, has to occur every place and any time in all the sections. Big firms it may be manufacturing based or service industry, all have multiple processes which functions and goes through thousands of transactions and activities every day. Greater the functioning of any organisation the more it tends to change policies and practices of particular process depending on the invention of technology and its implementation in the process from time to time. Development, expansion and diversification of the organisation also have a great impact of change in it. Government laws, change in the method of production, servicing methods, outside environment etc changes the overall functioning of the company. Change is also necessary for the organisations to grow in future. Old Hence the organisation in this perspective should make it a point that all the possible changes happening in the company are conveyed to all the candidates working for that particular part where the change has taken place. Steps involved in change and how communication should be handled at each level Clarity is the message to be delivered: The change is first communicated/known to the top level management or the immediate supervisor who is responsible for that part of work where implementation of the change happened is a necessity and should be conveyed to all related to it. These people who are responsible for sending message across should be clear about the message which is to be transmitted among others. Method: The method chosen for delivering the message should be proper i.e. should be accessible to all the people and by proper channel where all of them can understand its operation. In all it should suit the circumstances. It should be kept in mind that when the message is sent by the sender, after receiving it, the receiver should be open to communicate back in case of any doubts or questions to be raised regarding the same matter. Communication technology systems or other communication materials are available to use throughout the department/process where the message of change has to be conveyed. Complicated way or using hi-fi modern technology for communications may be a problem for some people, hence should be avoided in considering the steps for communication. Communication should be in a simplified, concise and precise form so that all the people can understand and actively take part. ( Ref. http://humanresources.about.com/od/changemanagement/a/change_lessons2.htm ) Effective internal communication Effective internal communication is where all the candidates, they may be the managers, employees or the volunteers who actively participates and are focused on the goals of the organisation and all involved has the same object to be established. Effective internal communications builds a strong bridge to efficient working and growing of the organisation. It also helps the working staff to identify the change properly and accomplish goals and missions, thus making a difference in the overall effort and efficiency of the company. Everyday effective communications reduces conflicts and contradicting ideas which and gives emphasis to what is important for the organisation. All the companies may not get all the benefits of the effective internal communication but its still helps the organisation build a strong culture where people involved are working towards a common goal. Different Communication Supports There are many types of communication supports that can be used within the organisation. They can be classified into many categories. Communication can be verbal, non-verbal, visual, audio and many others. CD-ROM/Pen Drives/Hard Drives/Flash Sticks :- Important or confidential communication are communicated by these devices personally. It can be used to transfer graphics, video, audio, codes, final statements, etc. Letters/memos/reports: this is based fto convey short meaningful message where some feedback is expected and this category can be classified as a interactive one. Meetings: Three or more people meeting personally, for growth of organisation and many other perspective. Manuals: Large volumes of information is reffered by manuals which are paper based documents. Audio tape/CD: Playback used for the training or any other stuff which uses cassette/CDs. Video: Playback of videos for explanation of the product or for a training purpose as well where VCR/DVD and other video players are used. Printed materials: Prints are taken on paper to distribute certain information. Fax: Copying the paper through telephonic systems from one place to another has been one of the important means of communication all over the world. This is one of the fastest means to send and receive documents. Intranet: The use of internet and web technology used within an organisation assumptions are made that audio and video cannot be transferred but is majorly used for business transactions and to send and receive files which convey a business meaning. Radio: Advertising of the organisation can be done through the broadcast of radio voice transmissions. E-mail: One of the best n modern means of communications to receive and send messages instantly all over the world within less than minute. This way of communication is used to also send documents, audio and videos. Video conferencing: Meeting of people with video and audio from a long distance for a business purpose. TV: Television can be used for many purposes of communications. Marketing and Advertising is done on a large scale all over. It is also used for visuals all over the organisation. Video conferencing is also uses TV as a means to see and communicate all over the world. One-to-ones: Face to face, meeting of two people, interviews, group discussions, debates, etc. Phone: Conversations between two or more people within the organisation or outside. ( Ref :- http://www.fastrak-consulting.co.uk/tactix/Tools/commtool/frameset.htm ) Impact of change in the communication process Any changes in the organisation has to be conveyed to all the people who are responsible for the implementation of the change happening. How to communicate this change is a point where the management has to have a proper plan/strategy. Change in this context can be confidential or general. Proper means of communication should be selected to communicate the change. There can be possibilities where the change cannot be communicated with the present communication means/tools in the organisation. Purchases of new communicative products may b necessary. Different means are supposed to be used communicating at each level of management, it is not necessary that all the change taking place is to be conveyed to all the employees. Hence it should be filtered and proper channels should be used accordingly. Example: Bank of America, where in the voice process there happens a lot of changes within short interval of time. It is based on the counselling/customer service/collection to/from the customers who has mortgage with the band. Different rules/programs/fluctuations in the interest rates/refinancing of loans etc used to take place very often. Communication in this context of change is not that easy for the managers as the schedule fixed for the working employees are logged in on the system and are on calls all the time of their shift. In between that they cannot be communicated with any urgent change. Hence the very next day/after the shift there is a briefing arranged for all the teams working under this process. This may lead to irrelevant/old information being conveyed to the customers as of that date and hence for some time being. Therefore, there is a big impact of change on the communication process which leads to passing of wrong information throughout the chain. Impact of change in the organisation makes communication a necessity calling a meeting to discuss as how to communicate this change. Hence this change to be communicated also starts with a communication process as meeting in this case. It starts when one feels uneasy or concerned about the situation of change within the organization or outside the organisation. Then one realises that some action needs to be taken to CHANGE the present situation. Studying the situation in depth and make a plan to convey the CHANGE for betterment . Implementing the plan by suitable action. Reviewing the situation and continuing the process after communicating it with all the employees responsible and give the training if required for the implementation of this change. ( Fenil Shah :- Senior Manager ATLASCOPCO ) Obstacles or challenges that can be met through the different communication supports used in an internal communication system in a context of change. Sender :- When the sender is not able to properly understand the change and still communicates. Either the message communicated is not proper or it has not been put down properly. Medium/channel :- Wrong selection of medium to send the message. Interruption or signal failure or server problems leads to improper internal communication. This regards in delay of message or inaccuracy of message to be communicated. Oversight :- Notices put up on the board may be overlooked by certain employees which gives a negative impact on the work where that particular change is to be implemented. Improper regard :- Management takes lightly to communicate this change on time resulting in delay or sometimes does not communicate due to overload of work and hence forgetting to convey the change. Language :- Language should be easy and in proper context so that everyone understands it. Audio :- Disturbance/Unclear audio may not convey message clearly which leaves a doubt of the listener. Fear :- Small employees who did not understand the change message may have the fear to go to the immediate supervisor and clear the doubts may be because of the fear of being insulted or improper relationship. Poor Listening Poor listening can sabotage any attempt at communication. We all do it: we hear a little and then fill in what we think the rest will be, without really listening to whats actually being said. Information source :- The source of information is the human mind. It is possible that if this source does not want to communicate the message as it has to be. There are chances he may make some alterations in the change which has to be made within the process. There are many other stages where loads of obstacles interrupt the communication process when there is a change. The statges may be lined as follows :- Outgoing message Transmitter Outgoing signal Channel Incoming signal Receiver Incoming message Destination ( Ref :- http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/lal/lal99/lal99-05.pdf ) The challenges that can be met when dealing with an international team Language :- Language can be a big challenge when dealing with the international team. Even if the language is the same, accent of speaking may have a huge difference which at once may be difficult to understand. Incase of language being different, it is very difficult then to communicate directly but should rather have a common team who deals with the translation of language and then forwards it to the people concerned. Example :- Bank of America, where in the voice process there is a special Spanish team to deal with the customers who does not know the language English. Culture :- time and space, personal responsibility and fate, face and face-saving, and nonverbal communication are much more complex than it is possible to convey. Each of them influences the course of communications, and can be responsible for conflict or the escalation of conflict when it leads to miscommunication or misinterpretation. A culturally-fluent approach to conflict means working over time to understand these and other ways communication varies across cultures, and applying these understandings in order to enhance relationships across differences. ( Ref:- http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/cross-cultural_communication/ ) Time Difference :- Communication may not be possible at all time when dealing with the team abroad. This is because of the time difference between the countries all over the world. Hence communication then becomes a problem for communicating or discussing some urgent business matter. Also in this case, getting a response for a certain message would take time and wont be quicker in cases urgent. These may bring limitations to the communication process as a whole. Recommendations Communicate consistently, frequently, and through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, bulletin boards, Intranets, and more about the change. Communicate all that is known about the changes, as quickly as the information is available. Make clear that your bias is toward instant communication, so some of the details may change at a later date. Tell people that your other choice is to hold all communication until you are positive about the decisions. Provide significant amounts of time for people to ask questions, request clarification, and provide input. If you have been part of a scenario in which a leader presented changes, on overhead transparencies, to a large group, and then fled, you know what bad news this is for change integration. Clearly communicate the vision, the mission, and the objectives of the change management effort. Help people to understand how these changes will affect them personally. (If you dont help with this process, people will make up their own stories, usually more negative than the truth.) Recognize that true communication is a conversation. It is two-way and real discussion must result. It cannot be just a presentation. The change leaders or sponsors need to spend time conversing one-on-one or in small groups with the people who are expected to make the changes. Communicate the reasons for the changes in such a way that people understand the context, the purpose, and the need. Practitioners have called this: building a memorable, conceptual framework, and creating a theoretical framework to underpin the change. Provide answers to questions only if you know the answer. Leaders destroy their credibility when they provide incorrect information or appear to stumble or back-peddle, when providing an answer. It is much better to say you dont know, and that you will try to find out. Leaders need to listen. Avoid defensiveness, excuse-making, and answers that are given too quickly. Act with thoughtfulness. Make leaders and change sponsors available, daily when possible, to mingle with others in the workplace. . Communication should be proactive. If the rumor mill is already in action, the organization has waited too long to communicate. Provide opportunities for people to network with each other, both formally and informally, to share ideas about change and change management. Publicly review the measurements that are in place to chart progress in the change management and change efforts. Publicize rewards and recognition for positive approaches and accomplishments in the changes and change management. Celebrate each small win publicly. (Ref :- http://humanresources.about.com/od/changemanagement/a/change_lessons2.htm ) References (http://humanresources.about.com/od/changemanagement/a/change_lessons2.htm) (http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/cross-cultural_communication/) (http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/lal/lal99/lal99-05.pdf) (http://www.fastrak-consulting.co.uk/tactix/Tools/commtool/frameset.htm )

Macbeth was a Bloody Butcher in Shakespeares Macbeth :: essays research papers

The play 'Macbeth' by William Shakespeare gives the audience plenty of opportunities to consider the reasons for Macbeth's actions, whither he had turned mad, or he was just simply bad. I will look at to the extent to which Macbeth is responsible for his own actions, as well as the contributions of other characters through an analysis of the playwright's dramatic techniques. After studying the play in detail I feel that although Macbeth was encouraged at the start he started planning executions on his own and by the end of the play, Macbeth's downfall showed him to be a bloody butcher. The play is about a ?golden couple,? Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Macbeth encounters witches who prophecies Macbeth as a king. This spurs them both to kill the king and over time power gets to them and Macbeth becomes a cold hearted butcher. The character of Macbeth is very complicated, which makes it difficult to arrive at a definite decision about how much he is to blame. At the start of the play Macbeth is held in high regard by many people. An example of this is when a sergeant from the army describes his as ? For brave Macbeth - well he deserves that name? He is also thought of as a respected cousin by the king who calls him ? O worthiest cousin? , this shows us that Macbeth was valued by many people as the Thane of Glamis. When Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches, Macbeth seems intrigued. On three occasions Macbeth demands to know more ? Speak, I charge you.? Banquo however does not want to hear what these witches have to say. This shows us that Macbeth is weak and vain, as he likes what the witches have to say. Macbeth is far too easily seduced and completely taken in by these witches. When Macbeth objects to Duncan?s murder this is letting us see that Macbeth has a conscience, ? We will proceed no further in this business.? Although he is persuaded afterwards he feels extremely guilty , ?I?ll go no more, I am afraid to think what I have done.? If Macbeth was such a bloody butcher, then why would he think twice about killing Duncan and afterwards why would he feel guilty ? A particular technique Shakespeare uses to make Macbeth seem more human is soliloquy. This lets the audience know what Macbeth is feeling and what he is thinking about.

Big Brothers, Big Sisters Essay

Big Brothers, Big Sisters is a prevention program, which enhances the socialization of children through paying attention to their psychological and physical development and increasing their feeling of â€Å"being included† into community and school environment. Due to the fact that the project is mostly directed to planning interesting leisure and education-related activities for minors, it can be interpreted as prevention program, as it creates a friendly and harmonious environment which encourages and reinforces the child’s self-esteem through establishing a symmetric communication between the minor and adult and teaching important social skills. As for me, I believe that the program is effective, as it deals mostly with three important predictors of deviance and crime – absence of developing and diversified pastime, lack of engagement with community activities and academic failure (and the consequent loss of interest in education) in schoolchildren. In addition, the relevant study, provided by the website, demonstrates the following results: â€Å"Researchers found that after 18 months of spending time with their Bigs, the Little Brothers and Little Sisters were: – 46% less likely to begin using illegal drugs; – 27% less likely to begin using alcohol; – 52% less likely to skip school; – 37% less likely to skip a class; – more confident of their performance in schoolwork; – one-third less likely to hit someone† (at http://www. bigbrooc. org/html/our_impact. html, 2007). There are three major curriculums, designed within the program. First of all, there is a set of community-based activities, which take place once a month. The community volunteers encourage the participants to do sports, play intellectual games, have meals together or simply take walks in the park. Group-based mentoring program includes monthly meeting of Big and Little Brothers and Sisters and learning new and unusual types of sports, associated with team playing. For instance, the participants do kayaking, play miniature golf or team bowling. All these sports are aimed at improving the children’s concentration, dexterity, ability to plan and make joint decision within the team; as one knows from developmental psychology, the progress of physical skills is particularly sensitive to influences at teen age, when the person is actively growing. The complex of school-based activities comprises weekly sessions, during which the minors are assisted in their home assignments. The major advantage of this program, which actually can cause in the jealousy of the similar agencies, is its image of partnership between adults and children, who receive not mentors, but friends, whose role models are more likely to be learned by minors. The typical agencies of this profile (working in the directions of prevention and diversion) more willingly involve competent specialists (in a limited number) than volunteers, so the underage target audience not always receives socialization experience and learn social skills during workshops and training. In addition, the Big Brothers Big Sisters project manages to maintain its focus on the underage audience in all points of its curriculum and stimulates the natural and healthy socialization in minors (through communication and team activities), instead of creating artificial conditions (like those in workshops and purposeful social skills training). The goals of the Big Brothers, Big Sisters project to great extent coincide with the orientation of the whole juvenile justice system. The major priority of the system is prevention of juvenile crimes and recidivism, but this goal is traditionally accomplished through enlightenment and education in the spheres of crime and punishment, drug addiction and alcohol use. The efforts of the program, on the other hand, are directed to improving the minors’ physical and psychological health and helping them establish friendly contact with the environment. This model is often neglected by the juvenile justice system, so it would be beneficial to introduce the program under the management of the network of government institutions, responsible for delinquency prevention, as the idea of healthy and natural socialization is likely to become a new direction in the functioning of the juvenile justice system and the unity of accountability will provide courts will more comprehensive information about the children. In addition, the program will also demonstrate success in the field of diversion. Finally, the program will correct the official and formalized image of the juvenile justice system and break the stereotype of the â€Å"punishing institution†. The major strength of the program is its positivist approach to prevention, which includes strengthening the minors’ social and psychological potential rather than intimidating schoolchildren about the adversities, associated with delinquency and illicit drug use. The project embraces community work, group work and school work, so that the major environments, in which the children operate, are influenced and to some extent altered. The ultimate goal in this sense is the development of the sense of inclusion into all these environments in the participants. On the other hand, the program lacks one important components, which is family-based work. As the website suggests, the underage participants originate from the households, where domestic violence and alcohol use are practiced. With respect to the fact that behavior models, learned in the family, are to certain degree determinative in teenagers’ behavior, it would also be useful to establish a contact between the families and the community and arrange activities, which imply the creation of a large team, consisting of children, their parents and the Bigs. Another weakness is the lack of basic psychological education for children, as at the certain stage of their development they need theoretical knowledge of building relationships and understanding others, so the Big Brothers, Big Sisters can introduce monthly discussions of the achievements and difficulties, experienced by the participants in their relationships with coevals and adults. Reference list Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Orange County. (2007). Official website, at http://www. bigbrooc. org.

Muslim Empires Essay

The Ottoman Turks consisted of Turkic-speaking nomadic people who had spread westward from Central Asia in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. They were located in the northwestern corner of the peninsula, which allowed them to expand westward and eventually take over empires between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. The sultan was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense. Administrative and military power were centralized under the bey, who was only a tribal leader, tribal law was before Muslim law. The Ottoman authorities were Sunni Muslims. The sultan assigned duties to a supreme religious authority, who then maintained a system of schools to educate Muslims. There were some who believed in Sufism or other doctrines, but the government allowed it as long as they were still loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims had to pay a head tax since they were exempt from military service. The Ottoman Empire was divided into four main occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral people. Shah Ismail founded the Safavid Dynasty. The Safavids was a mixed society like the Ottoman Empire; majority of the population were Iranian. They used the Shi’ite faith, and Shi’ism was declared the state religion. Like the Ottoman’s sultan, the Safavids had their shahs who would check up on their people. This empire was not as wealthy as the Ottomans and the Mughals. Their greatest area of productivity was in textiles. The founder of the Mughal Dynasty is known as Babur. Ruling of the dynasty was passed down from Babur to his son, Humayun, and then to his grandson, Akbar. As emperor, Akbar didn’t just focus on the views of Muslim but also gave Christian views a chance. He later formed a new type of worship called the Divine Faith, which combined characteristics of different religions. He believed in having a harmonious society, which meant each individual and group would play their assigned role and contribute their part to society. This dynasty was the last of the great traditional Indian dynasties. All three of the empires were Muslim, and they all displayed an impressive capacity to create and run a large empire. The Muslim World was protected by the military and political abilities of these empires. Unlike their European counterparts, these empires continued to thrive.

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Carrie Collins Donnie Harris Rosemary Sullivan TESL 5230 – SLA October 14, 2010 Case Study Outline Case Study Outline 1. Introduction Does TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) enhance student learning and growth in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) when used with Middle School students of English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) when teaching map skills? (Per Grade Level Expectation SS5 1. 4, 1. 5 a. Locate states of the United States) Purpose of Study In studying SLA we explored the benefits of various approaches that have been used over the years to teach a second language. For many years schools relied on a Traditional Approach when teaching almost every subject including a second language. By Traditional Approach we mean that the teacher lectures and shows new topics while the students sit quietly in their seats listening, repeating, memorizing, doing assignments, taking tests, and interacting very little with each other or the teacher. (Wikipedia. org) One of the newer approaches, TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE, introduced by James Asher in 1977, is based on the observations of children learning their first language. This involves use of the five senses along with body movements in activities designed to activate right-brain function. Asher believed that use of the right-brain, which includes much listening and acting, enables the needed processing of language in the left-brain. TPR also emphasizes fun, along with a more relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere in the classroom. (Brown, 2007) Past Research on Topic Asher, J. (2010). A new note about tpr. Proceedings of Project Coach, www. tpr-world. com Brown, H. D. (2007). Principals of anguage learning and teaching: fifth edition. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Krashen, S. (1998). Tpr: still a very good idea [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://ipisun. jpte. hu/-joe. novelty Mohammed, R. (2009, July 28). Total physical response [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://myenglishpages. com/blog/total-physical-response Renshaw, J. D. (2007). Total physical response. Retrieved from Onlineenglish. net Shearon, B. (2004). James asherâ€⠄¢s total physical response: a short introduction. www. c-english. com/files/tpr. df Tomlinson, B. Masuhara, H. (2009, July). Playing to learn: a review of physical games in second language acquisition. Simulation Gaming. 40(5), Retrieved from http://wwwsagepub. com/content/40/5/645. Traditional Education (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Traditional_education Subjects Our subjects were three sixth grade girls from the International Welcome School (IWS). They were recommended highly by their teacher, LaShonda Terry, because of their similar educational background experience, English proficiency and academic levels. According to their composite scores on the MAC II English proficiency screening test, given a year ago, all three placed at the basic beginner level. Their Student Academic Survey (SAS) indicated that all the girls have previously received formal education. On their most recent screening assessment for English proficiency, the WIDA ACCESS Plac ement Test (W-APT), all three students scored at the mid to high range of level two. Other factors these three students have in common are: Country of origin is Iraq; Native language is Arabic; All are eleven years of age; All have been in the USA for less than two years; They share the same culture and religion; None of the three wear the traditional head covering worn by other Muslim females; All girls have siblings attending the IWS and/or the Newcomers’ Program at Roosevelt High School. 2. Method The topic of the lesson we used to compare the Traditional Approach to the TPR Approach is identifying and naming the fifty states of the United States. The United States was divided into states east of the Mississippi River and states west of the Mississippi River. There are twenty-six states to the east and twenty-four states to the west. Students were given a pre-assessment to determine how many of the fifty states could be properly placed on a blank map of the United States of America. The objective of the first lesson was that students would learn the states west of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the western portion of the USA. The first approach used was the Traditional Approach. This method included lecture, work sheets, paper pencil task, coloring activity, rote memorization, and use of a transparency on the overhead projector. Instruction was teacher-centered with whole group. Students were grouped in proximity, but not encouraged to work together in pairs or small groups. After using the Traditional Approach students were given a post assessment of the western states. ************************************************************************ The objective of the second lesson was that students would learn the states east of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the eastern portion of the USA. The students were instructed using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach. This instructional method involves activities using physical or kinesthetic movement. A teacher-made floor map of the United States was used. Students gathered around the map. The classroom teacher and researcher modeled the activity first. A command was given by the researcher to the classroom teacher. â€Å"Place your left hand on Alabama and your right leg on New York. † Then a command was given by the classroom teacher to the researcher. â€Å"Locate North Carolina. Now stand on the state that is immediately south of it. † The students then began to take turns following the command given by the researcher. After a while the students were instructed to give the command to their classmates. This was repeated until each student had a chance to stand on the map. The game was then revised and became competitive. Two students stood on opposite sides of the map on the floor. A state is called out and the goal is to be the first to step on the state and stand on it. All students had a turn either stepping on the map or giving the command. Students eventually began using the entire map for this activity. After using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach students were given a post-assessment of the eastern states. . Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected based on the number of states that were correctly placed on the map for each of the tests: pre-assessment, all fifty states; post-assessment 1, western states; post-assessment 2, eastern states. Students’ individual growth was determined using the following data: Student A: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct. This is her baseli ne for her previous knowledge. After Traditional Approach (TA): Post-assessment 1, 15/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 20/26 correct on eastern states. Student B: Pre-assessment, 5/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 11/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 correct on eastern states. Student C: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 13/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 on eastern states. Using this data and comparing the post-assessments to the pre-assessments it is clear that each student showed growth in the knowledge of the names and locations of the states on a map of the USA. The following are the rates of growth by percentage correct: Student A: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 63%; Comparison to baseline – 57% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 77%; Comparison to baseline – 71% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 14% using TPR. Student B: Baseline – 10%; Western states, TA – 46%; Comparison to baseline – 36% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 63% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 27% using TPR. Student C: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 54%; Comparison to baseline – 48% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 67% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 19% using TPR. 4. Conclusions The results of this case study, while limited due to number of subjects, are based on similarities of subjects, data collected and analyzed, and implies that the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach produce d a higher growth increase in student learning and SLA as compared to the Traditional Approach (TA). In teaching the location and names of the fifty states of the USA, all four domains of language were explored. The predicted outcome expectation was to conclude that the use of Total Physical Response (TPR) approach does enhance learning and growth in SLA of the ESOL students at a higher rate than the Traditional Approach (TA). This expectation was met. A suggestion for improvement in a follow-up study might be to give a post-test of all fifty United States to compare with the results of the pre-test, since all fifty states were used as the baseline of previous knowledge. 5.

Spain and the New Laws of 1542

Spain and the New Laws of 1542 The â€Å"New Laws† of 1542 were a series of laws and regulations approved by the King of Spain in November of 1542 to regulate the Spaniards who were enslaving the natives in the Americas, particularly in Peru. The laws were extremely unpopular in the New World and directly led to a civil war in Peru. The furor was so great that eventually King Charles, fearing that he would lose his new colonies entirely, was forced to suspend many of the more unpopular aspects of the new legislation. Conquest of the New World The Americas had been discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus: a papal bull in 1493 divided the newly-discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. Settlers, explorers, and conquistadors of all sorts immediately began heading to the colonies, where they tortured and killed the natives by the thousands to take their lands and wealth. In 1519, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico: about fifteen years later Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire in Peru. These native empires had much gold and silver and the men who participated became very wealthy. This, in turn, inspired more and more adventurers to come to the Americas in the hopes of joining the next expedition that would conquer and loot a native kingdom. The Encomienda System With the major native empires in Mexico and Peru in ruins, the Spanish had to put a new system of government in place. The successful conquistadors and colonial officials used the encomienda system. Under the system, an individual or family was given lands, which generally had natives living on them already. A sort of deal was implied: the new owner was responsible for the natives: he would see to their instruction in Christianity, their education and their safety. In return, the natives would supply food, gold, minerals, wood or whatever valuable commodity could be extracted from the land. The encomienda lands would pass from one generation to the next, allowing the families of the conquistadors to set themselves up like local nobility. In reality, the encomienda system was little more than slavery by another name: the natives were forced to work in fields and mines, often until they literally dropped dead. Las Casas and the Reformers Some opposed the ghastly abuses of the native population. As early as 1511 in Santo Domingo, a friar named Antonio de Montesinos asked the Spanish by what right had they invaded, enslaved, raped and robbed a people who had done them no harm. Bartolomà © de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, began asking the same questions. Las Casas, an influential man, had the ear of the king, and he told of the needless deaths of millions of Indians- who were, after all, Spanish subjects. Las Casas was quite persuasive and King Charles of Spain finally decided to do something about the murders and torture being carried out in his name. The New Laws The â€Å"New Laws,† as the legislation came to be known, provided for sweeping changes in Spain’s colonies. The natives were to be considered free, and the owners of the encomiendas could no longer demand free labor or services from them. They did need to pay a certain amount of tribute, but any extra work was to be paid for. Natives were to be treated fairly and given expanded rights. Encomiendas granted to members of the colonial bureaucracy or the clergy were to be returned to the crown immediately. The clauses of the New Laws most disturbing to the Spanish colonists were the ones that declared forfeiture of encomiendas or native laborers by those who had participated in civil wars (which was nearly all of the Spaniards in Peru) and a provision that made encomiendas not hereditary: all encomiendas would revert to the crown upon the death of the current holder. Revolt and Repeal Reaction to the New Laws was swift and drastic: all over the Spanish Americas, conquistadors and settlers were enraged. Blasco Nuà ±ez Vela, the Spanish Viceroy, arrived in the New World in early 1544 and announced that he intended to enforce the New Laws. In Peru, where the former conquistadors had the most to lose, the settlers rallied behind Gonzalo Pizarro, last of the Pizarro brothers (Hernando Pizarro was still alive but in prison in Spain). Pizarro raised an army, declaring that he would defend the rights that he and so many others had fought so hard for. At the battle of Aà ±aquito in January of 1546, Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, who died in battle. Later, an army under Pedro de la Gasca defeated Pizarro in April of 1548: Pizarro was executed. Pizarro’s revolution was put down, but the revolt had shown the King of Spain that the Spaniards in the New World (and Peru in particular) were serious about protecting their interests. Although the king felt that morally, the New Laws were the right thing to do, he feared that Peru would declare itself an independent kingdom (many of Pizarro’s followers had urged him to do just that). Charles listened to his advisors, who told him that he had better seriously tone down the New Laws or he risked losing parts of his new empire. The New Laws were suspended and a watered-down version was passed in 1552. Legacy The Spanish had a mixed record in the Americas as a colonial power. The most horrendous abuses occurred in the colonies: natives were enslaved, murdered, tortured and raped in the conquest and early part of the colonial period and later they were disenfranchised and excluded from power. Individual acts of cruelty are too numerous and dreadful to list here. Conquistadors like Pedro de Alvarado and Ambrosius Ehinger reached levels of cruelty that are nearly inconceivable to modern sentiments. As horrible as the Spanish were, there were a few enlightened souls among them, such as Bartolomà © de Las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos. These men fought diligently for native rights in Spain. Las Casas produced books on the subjects of Spanish abuses and was not shy about denouncing powerful men in the colonies. King Charles I of Spain, like Ferdinand and Isabela before him and Philip II after him, had his heart in the right place: all of these Spanish rulers demanded that the natives be treated fairly. In practice, however, the goodwill of the king was difficult to enforce. There was also an inherent conflict: the King wanted his native subjects to be happy, but the Spanish crown grew ever more dependent on the steady flow of gold and silver from the colonies, much of which was produced by slave labor in the mines. As for the New Laws, they marked an important shift in Spanish policy. The age of conquest was over: bureaucrats, not conquistadors, would hold power in the Americas. Stripping the conquistadors of their encomiendas meant nipping the burgeoning noble class in the bud. Although King Charles suspended the New Laws, he had other means of weakening the powerful New World elite and within a generation or two most of the encomiendas had reverted to the crown anyway.