Xenophon and Aristophanes

In Greek society women had little control over their lives. A husband wanted to be able to control his wife so she would run his household as he saw fit, so she did not damage his reputation, and so he knew the paternity of his children. A husband wanted the girl to be closely controlled by her father before she married for the same reasons. Aristophanes’ comedies and Xenophon’s Oeconomicus contain very different depictions of a Greek citizen woman’s life before she is married and during the time shortly after she is married. Both the comedies and Oeconomicus examine how girls were educated, how closely guarded they were in their father’s household, and their willingness to deceive their husbands. In Oeconomicus, Xenophon wrote about the ideal girl, but she was exaggerated in the direction of perfection. In the comedies, however, some the female characters were almost the exact opposite of the girl in Oeconomicus. Even though ideas about how girls were raised and how they behaved after they were married are very different in Oeconomicus and in Aristophanes’ comedies, both sets of ideas get at a husband’s desire for his wife to have been closely controlled by her father, and then by him. Aristophanes and Xenophon illustrate this desire by presenting the ideal characteristics of a wife and the characteristics men fear. They also use exaggeration to make the distinction between the good wife and the undesirable wife even clearer. Because husbands wanted their wives to be controlled first by their fathers, and then by them, women spent their entire lives under the control of men. There was also a large difference between how closely guarded by her father Ischomachos’s wife was, compared to the girls in the comedies. Girls were not only guarded to keep them from learning too much, but they were also guarded to keep them away from men so they would not have sex with or be raped by them. Because if a girl was, and after marriage her husband found out, he would be unsure of the paternity of his children. Ischomachos’s wife â€Å"had previously lived under diligent supervision in order that she might see and hear as little as possible† (Oeconomicus, VII, 5). She obviously did not leave her house much if her family was making an attempt to have her see and hear as little as possible. Because she was supervised that closely, even if she did leave her house she wouldn’t have had a chance to get into trouble because there would be someone with her or watching her. In Women at the Thesmophoria, the Kinsman portrayed a female character who was obviously not guarded closely, â€Å"I had a boyfriend, who’d deflowered me when I was only seven† (Women at the Thesmophoria, 503). If a man was able to get to the Kinsman’s character when she was only seven she was not being watch closely. Calling the person who deflowered her, her boyfriend, implies that this was not a single instance of negligence on part of her guardian; it implies that she was not being watched closely enough to prevent her boyfriend from continuing to see her. Ischomachos’s wife reflects the ideal for Greek husbands. Because her father so closely controlled her, she would not have had an opportunity to do anything that would call the paternity of her future husband’s children into question. The Kinsman’s character is a depiction of a girl that shows men’s fears about how their wives might have been raised. She is completely out of the control of her father, so when she marries, her husband will have no idea if she is all ready pregnant. It is likely that how closely or loosely these characters were guarded is an exaggeration. Although Ischomachos’s wife probably was guarded as closely as possible, her incredible ignorance implies that she was guarded more closely then was achievable. The Kinsman’s character is probably also an exaggeration. Although there probably were some girls who were deflowered when they were very young, it seems unlikely that she would have had a boyfriend at the age of seven. The exaggeration only makes the ideal of a father’s control more clear. In Ischomachos’s wife’s extreme case there is almost no chance that she was pregnant with another man’s child when she married, but in the case of the Kinsman it would be surprising if she was not all ready pregnant. In order for a husband to be able to control his wife easily and so he would be able to teach her how he wanted her to run his household, girls were supposed to be kept as ignorant as possible before marriage. Ischomachos’s wife is an example of this ideal. He says that † [she] had previously lived under diligent supervision in order that she might see and hear as little as possible and ask the fewest questions as possible† (Oeconomicus, VII, 5). In Lysistrata an opposite view of the education of girls is presented. A chorus of women spoke about their experience in several different religious ceremonies and festivals. They use what they learned in the festivals to justify giving the polis advice. We want to start by offering the polis some good advice and rightly, for she raised me in splendid luxury. As soon as I turned seven I was an Arrephoros; then a Grinder; when I was then I shed my saffron robe for the Foundress at the Brauronia. And once, when I was a beautiful girl, I carried the Basket wearing a necklace of dried figs† (Lysistrata, 669). Because they use their experience in religious ceremonies as a qualification, they believe they have learned from these experiences. The contrast between Oeconomicus and Lysistrata is striking in that Ischomachos’s wife was kept home and an attempt was made to teach her as little as possible, while the girls in the chorus left home for extended periods of time and apparently learned from their experiences. The experience of both Ischomachos’s wife and the chorus girls is an exaggeration of what is possible in reality. Ischomachos seemed to think his wife did not know anything he did not teach her. When she made a mistake, such as when she cannot find something that Ischomachos asks for, he took full responsibility for it because if he had not taught it to her she could not be expected to know it. â€Å"But you are not at fault in this, rather I am, since I handed over these things to you without giving orders as to where each kind of thing should be put so that you would know where to put them and where to find them again† (Oeconomicus, VIII, 2). The list of religious festivals given by the chorus as evidence of their education contains service in five separate religious rites. This list of religious service is â€Å"the most prestigious any Athenian woman could boast† (Lysistrata 669, note 138). Some of the rites were only open to girls from the â€Å"noblest Athenian families† (Lysistrata 670, note 139). It seems unlikely that many girls, if any, would have had the experience that the girls in the chorus listed. So the experiences of girls in Lysistrata are exaggerated to make the girls appear more knowledgeable than they probably would be, and in Oeconomicus the girl is more ignorant than seems possible. The exaggeration illustrates why men wanted ignorant girls. Ischomachos’s wife is incredibly ignorant and is very easy to control. She does exactly what her husband tells her to do, once instructed. This contrasts with the women in Lysistrata who have an unusual amount of experience outside of their homes. The women’s experience, in part, contributed to their attempt to take over the polis. A wife who attempted to deceive her husband was very frightening for Greek men because men spent a great deal of their time away from home. When a husband was gone, his wife would have the opportunity to do things that would damage his reputation and call the paternity of his children into question. A husband could not really control his wife, if he could not trust that she was doing exactly what she said she was doing. In the Oeconomicus there is an example of a wife deceiving her husband that seems very benign. All Ischomachos’s wife did was put on makeup, but when he sees her with a painted face, he tells her that she should not wear makeup because it is a form of deception. Such deceits may in some way deceive outsiders and go undetected, but when those who are always together try to deceive one another they are necessarily found out† (Oeconomicus X, 8). It seems like he is not just lecturing her about putting on makeup, but also about other kinds of deception. Of course after Ischomachos’s lecture, â€Å"she never did anything of that sort again† (Oeconomicus X, 9). The Kinsman’s ch aracter not only lied to her husband only three days after they were married, but she lied so she could leave the house to have sex with her boyfriend (Women at the Thesmophoria, 504). Her actions could damage her husband’s reputation, and would call the paternity of his children into question. Her actions seem to be as bad as possible from the husband’s perspective. These actions are a demonstration of men’s fears about what their wives might do if they were willing and able to deceive their husbands. The Kinsmans’ actions are a stark contrast with Ischomachos’s wife, who after being corrected, never again deceived her husband. Because she was unwilling to deceive her husband, and therefore easy to control, she was an example of the perfect wife. Although Xenophon and Aristophanes were a part of the same society and wrote about Greek men’s desire for their wives to be closely controlled before and after marriage, they explored this desire in very different ways. Xenophon used it to write a text that gave men advice about what to look for in a perfect wife, and how to treat her after they were married. However, Aristophanes was writing comedies so he exaggerated undesired characteristics to create the worst possible wives for comic effect. When both Aristophanes and Xenophon’s works are examined to see how a father’s control over his daughter and the characteristics that make it easier for a husband to control his wife are portrayed, it becomes apparent that Aristophanes and Xenophon were writing about the same desire Greek men had for their wives to be controlled – first by their fathers and then by their husbands. This control was meant to ensure a properly run household, an intact reputation, and undisputed paternity. Because of this desire for control, when Greek women came of age, they passed from the control of their fathers to their husbands.

Journey for Truth: The Life of Sojourner Essay

The contribution of the life, philosophy, and activism of Sojourner Truth was that she was effective in preaching to the community as a freedom fighter, abolitionist, and feminist. Representing many classes of people in Antebellum United States, she was able to illuminate for others the hardships and desires of black people, the poor and oppressed, and women. As slaves, blacks had no personal freedom. They had no rights to themselves or their families, were whipped and tortured, experienced segregation and denial of citizenship, were denied salaries, and, women especially, endured the devastating agony of having their babies and children stripped from them and sold off to other arrogant and inhumane slave masters. In an effort to encourage radical change in her time, Truth took up the risky cause of making speeches against the strong forces of evil and in support of the righteous values of freedom and respect. Liberating herself and other people was not limited by class, racial, economic, or gender lines, rather she held the torch of freedom as a beacon for all oppressed people to follow, calling for empowerment of the weak, tolerance for differences, and protection for all people (Waxman, 2007). Truth was born into slavery in the late 1790s, in a more rural area outside of the bustling New York City. At the age of nine, Truth, then named Isabella, was sold by the slave master away from her parents and one remaining sibling to another New York slave owner. For nearly thirty years, she experienced a life of extremely difficult conditions, being repeatedly sexually abused and physically assaulted, and some of her children were forcibly taken from her and sold into bondage. Luckily, after the New York Emancipation Act of 1827, Truth was freed along with other former slaves of this Northeastern region, and in 1843, Truth was inspired to assume her new name and began a mission of journeying across the country as an itinerant preacher, supporting the efforts of abolitionists and feminists in the North, becoming actively involved in breaking down the slave system and pressing for the rights of all subjugated people (Mullings, 2005). Truth’s most famous speech at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio in 1851 is a wonderful demonstration of the strength of her ideals and the power of her words. In an excerpt from Brah and Phoenix’s 2004 article, Truth is quoted as having preached: That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody helps me any best place. And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm. I have plowed, I have planted, and I have gathered into barns. And no man could head me. And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much, and eat as much as any man–when I could get it–and bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman? I have borne children and seen most of them sold into slavery, and when I cried out with a mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me. And ain’t I a woman? (p. 77) Her sharply painful and moving words, rich with truth and experience, sent tides of strength and power through the country’s movement for all levels of freedom in regard to all kinds of people. In countering tyranny with liberty, and violence with peace, Truth became an emblem of the almost suffocated soul which was able to rise up, speak out, and lend valuable energy and motivation to the essential activism of her time. In defending her womanhood, her personhood, her right to full citizenship and social inclusion, Truth demanded respect during a time when evil was easily cast down the noses of the dishonorable elite. Standing firm in her beliefs and finding power in the spirituality of goodness, Truth was able to meet eyes with her oppressors and effectively shake the foundations of a flawed system.

Power and Privilege Society and the Poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power and Privilege Society and the Poor - Essay Example Personal Experience. Like any person in modern society, I have witnessed poverty. While I have not slept on the streets of a major urban area or worked in a soup kitchen, I have seen people on the streets that were obviously poor and of course, the pictures in the media of homeless and desperate people. In reflecting over my own actions, I don't recall ever having thought or spoken out that they could only blame themselves for the condition they were in. My response has usually been one of sympathy, though I have to admit that I have been apprehensive when approached by someone who was begging or when a homeless person came up to clean the windshield while we were in traffic. I am not sure exactly how my experience relates to the broader issues, because I while I am certainly not a "victim-blamer" who thinks that people can boot-strap themselves out of the culture of poverty, neither am I convinced that the answer is one of "re-education and more tolerance of deviant behavior" (Klass 1). I don't blame the victims for their condition, but I am not sure tolerance of deviant behavior is the answer either. Legal Contribution. ... In fact, the not-so-subtle suggestion is that the poor are responsible for their own condition and as such contributors, have no remedy at law. I find this to be extraordinarily ironic since most justices, judges, and lawyers are tremendously affluent by comparison and have no concept of the culture of poverty on the level that most homeless people experience every day. For the law to focus on attempting to change the individuals without addressing the circumstances that contribute to their condition is to give the culture of poverty a significant boost in the wrong direction. It is a symptomatic treatment instead of a curative one. Sadly, the social dynamic of poverty does not provide a much brighter prognosis from the perspective of the disadvantaged. Social Will. Society has played a role in the culture of poverty, and should not be let off the hook so easily as to blame the victims or the legal system. As Bagdikian points out, "poverty may have been inexorable in biblical times, when there really was inadequate food...[but] affluent countries like the United States have enough rich resources" to ensure that such levels of poverty are not present (Bagdikian 1). I see this as a social will. Americans don't want to do what is necessary to obviate the conditions that contribute to the culture of poverty. Sure, we will participate in a canned food drive or give our old clothes to Goodwill, but when it comes down to supporting any idea of allocating significant resources to curing poverty there seems to be no public interest at all. From my own personal experiences, I have seen a small picture of the plight of the poor and somewhat understand the culture that keeps them out of

Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Resourcing - Essay Example On the other hand, is the permissive autocrat who comes up with decisions in a unilateral manner but provides freedom to the employees to make their own decisions. Secondly is the paternalistic style which dictatorial but still prioritizes on the employee’s interests and those of the organization. The third management style is the democratic form where employees participate in the making of organizations decisions. Hence, everything depends on the majority. In this type there is extensive communication in all the directions. This kind of style is important when complex decisions are being made in organizations especially those that require improved complex skills. Finally is the laissez-faire kind of style where most decisions are made by the subordinates. The manager in most cases remains dormant on the managerial duties. This style is known to result in highly creative group of employees. However, it may also lead to staffs losing focus and sense of direction. This may inter fere with the company image. Employer’s ethics in recruitment and selection Several organizations have recognized the need to establish a process that is formal and standardized when conducting the recruitment and selection process. ... Hence, interviews have to be fair and equitable. The candidates are not only supposed to be asked several questions, rather are also suppose to be given an opportunity to express themselves. Notes taken during the interview should be used as evidence in making final decisions. At the of the interview process all the information should be kept confidential. All the paperwork used in whole process should be given to the chairman who is responsible for the whole process. The information of the candidates learned during the selection process should not be leaked to a third party without the candidate’s permission. The records of the candidate should not be used in for other purposes outside the recruitment and the selection process without the candidate’s permission. Normally files a kept for a period of six to twelve months and then destroyed. Problems with interviews Interviews are conducted by people who may be biased, inexperienced and corrupt. As a result it may be ext remely difficult to make a balanced decision based on facts on who to employ or not. Consequently, wrong people may be employed and this may result in choosing incompetent employees. Reasons for dismissal Employees and employers should treat each other with respect. Therefore, employees should conduct themselves in a manner that is consistent with good conduct and performance. On the other hand, employers should not dismiss their employees unfairly. There are well laid down procedures that are followed before an employee is dismissed in his or her work place. The procedure include; investigation to determine grounds for termination, inform or consult the trade union, give reasons for dismissal, and dispense

4 Ps of Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

4 Ps of Marketing - Term Paper Example The reason behind the success of business includes a long process where the achievement of success depends on marketing. The success associated with the marketing process depends upon various marketing strategies and these marketing strategies deal with 4 Ps of marketing. Thus, the implementation of marketing strategies in an appropriate manner is very important in order to achieve success by an organization. In other words, the marketing mix is the combination of all the marketing plans made by an organization (Belohlavek, 2008). Each of these four P’s is very important factors for an organization in order to create such a marketing mix which will easily attract customers towards the organization. It helps in determining the profit potential of an organization. Product means the goods/services which are offered to the customers by an organization. Apart from the offering of the physical product, there are various other elements associated with the product which helps in attra cting the customers. It can be the packaging of the product, any additional feature in the product etc. In the case of service product, it is the quality of services, the facilities provided to the customers, etc which help to attract the customers towards the organization. ...In a similar way, basic products which are used regularly should be positioned targeting the price conscious customers. Some of the important aspects associated with the products are design, warranties, brand name, product range, etc. Customer research is one of the key elements while creating an effective marketing mix. The organization’s knowledge about the needs and demands of the target market as well as about the competitors will help it to offer the product that will be appealing to the customers and will avoid various mistakes. Addition of a new product in the business always includes an acceptable amount of risk/return exchange. For example- If the company is very good, with a high brand name, t hen providing services on time is the most important part of the product bundle.

Factors That Impact on Consumers Price Sensitivity Essay

Factors That Impact on Consumers Price Sensitivity - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in marketing, it is imperative to understand price sensitivity. This is because it has a significant impact on how the product competes with the others in the market. It is crucial because it determines the success of the product. There are factors that impact on the consumer’s price sensitivity; one of them is the unique value effect. The uniqueness of a product will help it succeed. Consumers will not be very price sensitive if the product is outstanding from the rest. But if the product is similar to many others in the market, the consumers will have to make a choice; they will have to compare the products, and will most likely go for the one that has a lower price. This means that a marketer should know the qualities that would set the product apart. Perceived substitute effect is a very common factor that affects the consumer’s price sensitivity. If there are no substitutes, consumers will be less sensitive to prices. Technological advan cement has made it simple for consumers to know if there are substitutes. The media has been a big influence on the consumers. It is of great significance for a marketer to be aware of this to set the right strategies, especially when it comes to pricing. It is also vital to know how the competitors are pricing their products. Sometimes it is very hard for consumers to compare products. It, therefore, makes them less price sensitive if they have a difficulty in comparing products. Although the media has made it easier for the consumers to be able to quickly differentiate products, a marketer should be prepared to meet such challenges. Whenever there are different products to choose from, a consumer will always go for the most reputable one. A product that is well known will always have an upper hand. For example, in the market, there are very many different kinds of handsets, but the one that is well known always wins the competition, even if all the features are the same.

Educate a noncompliant patient Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Educate a noncompliant patient - Assignment Example There are several ways through which the nurses and other healthcare professionals may educate the non-compliance patients. Counseling sessions can be conducted for the purpose of guiding the patients about their health plans, medications and diet plans. Seminars can be held related to different chronic diseases and the patients must be recommended by the doctor to attend these seminars to get a better insight about their condition. The non-compliant patients are the ones who do not have the health insurance, health plan complimenting their conditions or they do not have the desire of living. Therefore it is the responsibilities of the nurses and other healthcare professionals to encourage them to fight through this as a strong person. They can also educate them about the importance of medication and recommended lifestyle while fighting in their condition (Crane,

The shift from the concept of Personnel Management to the concept of Essay

The shift from the concept of Personnel Management to the concept of Human Resource Management - Essay Example Modern business entities have adopted human resource management because it facilitates improved performance in the organization (Price, 2007). It does so by following the HR cycle which consists of employee recruitment and selection, benefits and compensation management, training and performance management (Thompson, 2014). In selection and recruitment, the right mix of employees is recruited and deployed. Human resource management helps in analyzing resumes and interviewing job applicants within an organization. Through this, the best candidates are employed. Every organization has a duty to attract, recognize, motivate, and retain the most competent members of staff. It is the duty of the human resource department to ensure that employees with high value within an organization are identified and compensated effectively as a way of encouraging them to continue working with the organization (Fleming, 2000). The human resource department should put in place the most effective remunera tion policy to satisfy all employees. With fast changing technology, employees in every organization need to update their skills and attributes frequently. It is the duty of the human resource management to ensure that employees are trained so as to meet their current and future roles in the organization. New employees may also be trained so as to align their skills with their jobs (Thompson, 2014). Human resource management also sets and communicates the organization’s goals to employees. This is done through performance management which helps employees to put their efforts where they are required the most within the organization. Human resource management collects and disseminated information related to all employees. It may also organize social events to enhance cooperation among employees (Thompson, 2014). Effective use of complete HR cycle is instrumental to organization’s performance. Small organizations that have no specialists in human resource staff have line

The Impossible Budget Deficit Essay Example for Free

The Impossible Budget Deficit Essay In his article, â€Å"Trouble, Trouble, Debt, and Bubble,† Tabb (2006) writes that the United States is importing far more than it is exporting.   The high consumption of the United States is due mainly to the reason that the rich people of the country must maintain their upper class status and high standards of living.   But the country is not earning enough to support its expenditure.   At one time or another, the United States would also become unable to pay the interest on the foreign debt that it is using today to maintain its high consumption.    The country may become bankrupt at such time, and the rest of the world would suffer because it would not have the United States to buy its goods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the author’s analysis makes sense, I would not blame the upper class consumer in particular for maintaining high consumption.   I believe that the capitalist or the industry of the United States is equally responsible.   The author also mentions the relation of the U.S. dollar’s value to the global economy.   A decrease in the demand for U.S. dollars can lead to a depreciation of the value of the currency with respect to another country’s currency.   Indeed, the fall of the U.S. dollar would turn out to be a curse for the global economy, although it may benefit the U.S. economy for some time (Tabb).    By making U.S. exports cheaper to other countries, it would increase the aggregate demand for U.S. goods which would in turn give the United States the income that it needs to fuel high consumption.   The United States can hope to reduce its current account deficit and trade deficit through the decline of the dollar, for it is obvious that making U.S. goods and services cheaper to foreign importers may very well increase the aggregate demand of U.S. goods and services, thereby fueling the growth of the U.S. economy.   Still, the benefits to the U.S. economy may eventually be offset by a fall in the aggregate supply of foreign goods into the U.S. market, seeing as foreign nations would stand to lose by selling to the U.S. consumer market and facing a reduced dollar value in return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tabb does not offer real solutions to the problem that the U.S. economy is facing at present.   All the same, it is obvious that the entire global economy is in danger because of the troubles facing the United States economy.   Thus, Tabb’s article offers food for serious thought.   It is mind-boggling, yet essential to reflect on. References Tabb, W. T. (2006). â€Å"Trouble, Trouble, Debt, and Bubble.† Monthly Review, Vol. 58, Number 1. Retrieved Nov 25, 2007 from http://www.monthlyreview.org/0506tabb.htm.

The university and colleges authorities Essay Example for Free

The university and colleges authorities Essay Blogging presents the users with a unique opportunity to express themselves and air their views on different issues. It gives the students a chance to communicate with their peers on different issue. To many this is an opportunity to tell others what one believes or feels concerning a certain issue. It also gives the user a chance to earn some income depending on the number of people who respond to the issues raised by the person initiating the blog. Basically what is a blog? Blog has been described as a term which is used to describe those website which maintain a continuos series of information which is arranged in a systematic manner. By systematic I mean the information is a arranged according to the time that it was posted. The site is frequently updated . This from of communication dwells on various issues from personal to politics. One can focus on a wide issue or a narrow one depending on ones wish. Therefore blog can be fun informative,entertaining and at the same time it can be used as atool of spreading malicious information concerning a person or a group of people. At the same time blog can be used to offend a certain person or a society. (Bruns, A and Joanne J 2006) Blogging can be used for various purposes by different people,in colleges and universities it has become a tool where students attack each other through posting information which can damage a personal character. Although the American constitution through the first amendment guarantees every citizen the freedom of speech the authorities in the laerning institution should control the use of blog to pass information which can interfere with other students learning process. Hate speeches are common among the students in our laerning institutions,internet has played a very big role in promoting this culture as students can post hate speeches anonymously in the internet. Since access to the websites which provide blog is not restricted to any user anybody can bump on such information. Through reading the content one may feel disoriented and will be affected negatively by the message. This will affect the person phychologically and may go to an extent of affecting the student education depending on the kind of message or information that was relayed. (Kline, D and Burstein, D. 2007 34) Restricting blog which are mostly used to insult and demean others is the best thing that can happen in our institution of higher learning. This will ensure that the learning process is smooth if all the other factors remain constant. This will also guarantee each and every srudents right to a dignified life in the institution. It will protect the most vulnerable group as far as hate speech is concerned. The most tergeted groups include the women,people from different races,disabled or basically those students who have some weakness as far as the college society is concerned. These are people who need protection since they are prone to such henous acts which can leave them traumatized to an extent where their education is intefered with. (Ringmar, E 2007 56) The freedom guaranteed by the American constitution does not give us a leeway to spread rumors against others, pass on some information which can hurt other people or even more give messages which are inciting in nature or pass on messages with a purpose of hurting others. The law clearly spells out that such an action would be tantamount to interfering with other people’s affairs in a manner that suggests that one is malicious and at the same time lacks respect for the others. Regulation of blogs which spread such kind of message will ensure that those vulnerable groups are protected from those malicious people who are only interested in hurting other people’s emotions. The universities authorities ought to take the first step in getting all those culprits who are out to hurt other feeling. Though such a move may attract great opposition it is a move in the right direction as the same constitution that promotes free speech articulates clearly the rights of very American to lead a decent life. Blogs which promote such kind information do not only violate a person freedom but also affects their lives. One may argue that why put so much emphasize on the blogs yet hate speeches are made day and day out in our colleges. One has to appreciate that internet is accessed by many people who are not restricted from visiting sites especially those which largely deals with the blog. This means that if a negative or a hate speech is posted targeting a certain group the message will spread far and wide within a very short time. This will affect the targeted people emotionally and psychologically because they may not be in a position to react or behave different in such circumstances. (Bruns, A and Joanne J 2006 38) Emergence of blog has presented some very complicated issues concerning the rights of those who may be targeted by some of the information posted. There have been several cases which have been filed touching on blog and hate speech. It is a form of defamation where perpetrators can be sued in a court of law. May be to start with ,the authorities in our learning institution should sue such character as their aim is harm others while trying to make themselves popular. Through such an action they will be moving in the right direction in curbing such practices in the institutions where students are supposed to be nurtured in a manner where they respect each other. It might be difficult to unmask some of the bloggers who use anonymous addresses but with the advancement of technology this should be an easy task. Involvement of internet service providers in unmasking these malicious people would yield some fruits since they have the proper machinery in netting the culprits. The effects of hate speech have far much reaching effects especially for the students who can be very vulnerable due to their conditions. It impacts some form of resentment to a certain group of people especially those who have characteristics which the blogger writes against. It may also lead to withdrawal of the victim as they tend to come to terms with the message being relayed. This means that the student will not be in a position to concentrate in their studies. (Alavi, N. 2005 26) The university and colleges authorities should not only aim at curbing the practice but should embark on a program where the students are sensitized on the dangers of hate speech especially through blogs. They should be made to understand hate speeches can ignite conflict between different people within the learning institution. Such a conflict can be detrimental to their learning process as they will live in fear of attack from the other group. Another danger as far as this practice is concerning is the time involved. Such a time is supposed to be used to study but most of the students will spend most of their time blogging, an activity which is time consuming. This means that the student will not have enough time as they embark on an activity which is very addictive in nature. Blog when used for the right purpose can have very positive effect but when it is used to hurt other people it has some serious effect on those whom are targeted and at the same time for those who post them. We should not abuse the systems provided for us to ease the process of communication and passing relevant information rather we should utilize such opportunities ti reap as much benefits as possible. The universities can be successful in addressing this issue as they have the capacity to control what the students’ access in the networks provided by the institution. Mostly giving the students the right information can also go along way in ensuring that hate speech is not spread through the internet in form of blog. Work cited Bruns, A and Joanne J Uses of Blogs, Peter Lang, New York, (2006) Alavi, N. We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs, Soft Skull Press, New York,( 2005) Ringmar, E A Blogger Manifesto:Free speech and cesorship in the age of internet,London,Anthem Press(2007) Kline, D and Burstein, D. Blog: How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, Squibnocket Partners, (2005).

Japanese religion and influence on culture

Japanese religion and influence on culture Japanese Religion and the Influence on Culture Throughout the world, religion is perceived as a governing idea within many different cultures. Religion has a way of representing a certain way of life, providing a basis for faith to live by, and brings a sense of belonging to many cultures in our world. For different cultures and within many countries religion varies according to demographics. The key concepts of religion within the Japanese culture are natural and superstitious based. The leading religion in Japan remains Shinto, while other religions have come and go, interweaving themselves among the Japanese society. For any Japanese person who may practice Shinto, another religion that may dually be practiced is Buddhism. Are these religions common to one another in theory? Do they serve the same purposes? And what other religions claim a popular following in Japan? While Buddhism was brought over to Japan via China and Korea in the 6th century, Shinto seems to have always resided in Japan (Japan-Guide.com, 2007). The religion of Shinto is still today very mysterious because in some areas there is still no certain knowledge in the course of the centuries many Japanese have written extensively on Shinto but these are largely expressions of their individual points of view. Except for the relatively short three-quarters of a century of regimentation after the Meiji Restoration when there was an artificial, government-created authoritative interpretation of Shinto, there has not been any large body of interpretation that is generally accepted (Ono, Sokyo ix). Buddhism was founded by the teachings of Guatama Siddhartha who was born around 6th century B.C. in Nepal. The spread of Buddhism took many centuries, and didnt reach Japan until 6th century A.C. (Buddhanet). Although there are many sects of Buddhism, the main teachings are universal in The Four Noble Truths. These teachings from Siddhartha himself lay the foundation of Buddhism itself. The first Nobel truth; Life means suffering. To live means to suffer, because the human nature is not perfect and neither is the world we live in. During our lifetime, we inevitably have to endure physical suffering such as pain, sickness, injury, tiredness, old age, and eventually death. (The Big View). The second Noble Truth;the origin of suffering is attachment to worldly desires. The origin of suffering is attachment to transient things and the ignorance thereof The reasons for suffering are desire, passion, ardour, pursue of wealth, prestige, striving for fame and popularity (The Big View). The third Nobel Truth is the cessation of suffering is attainable. Extinguishing all forms of clinging and attachment Suffering can be overcome through human activity simply by removing the cause of suffering (The Big View). The Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the Eightfold Path. A gradual self-improvement by following the way between the two extremes of excessive self-indulgence and excessive self-mortification(The Big View). Although the Four Nobel Truths are great concepts of Buddhism there are many other aspects that make up Buddhism. Daily practice of meditation helps develop ones sense of awareness, to grow, and develops compassion and loving kindness (Buddhanet). Following the laws of Karma and following right speech are also integral to Buddhism. In the religion of Shinto, which was founded as Japans state religion in the Meiji Period, there is no absolute right or wrong and humans are seen as fundamentally good (buddhanet). The purpose of rituals in the Shinto religion are to cast away evil spirits by means of purification, prayers and offerings. The Way of the Gods or Kami is the literal translation of Shinto. Unlike Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, Shinto has neither a founder, such as Guatama the Enlightened One, Jesus the Messiah or Mohammed the Prophet; nor does it have sacred scriptures, such as the sutras of Buddhism, the Bible or the Koran (Ono Sokyo 3). Shinto appears very little in history, as there is no significant teachings or information surrounding the ideas. Shinto is more than just a religious faith; it is a collection of ideas, attitudes on ways of doing things and through history has become an integral part of the way of the Japanese people (Ono, Sokyo, 3). The kami-concept today includes the idea of justice, order, and divine favor (blessing), and implies the basic principle that the kami function harmoniously in cooperation with one another and rejoice in the evidence of harmony and cooperation in this world (Ono Sokyo, 7). This concept is basically the same as it was in ancient Japan, only few things have changed in regards to theory on Shinto. The kami of the Shinto religion serve different purposes for the Japanese. Their culture revolves around kami who protect different things such as places, processes and natural orders. The Shinto gods can take many different forms, such as mountains, trees, rocks, wind, and rain. When a human dies they become ancestral kami and are worshipped as such (Japan-Guide). This idea of kami is very different in contrast to Buddhism , where they do not believe in kami, but in a force that which is made up of all living things and holds the universe together (leaderu). This difference between Buddhism and Shinto may be the key to why they are so easily practiced together. There is no fundamental conflict between each religions kami, and there is no need to favor one over the other. The practice of Buddhism is earthly compassion while the practice of Shinto is otherworldly compassion. There are different types of Shinto, just as in Buddhism, that the Japanese follow. There is popular Shinto practice in everyday life of kami-worship, and Domestic Shinto referring to home practice, and shrine Shinto is the oldest and most prevalent type (Ono, Sokyo, 12). Shinto does no appear to have branches or sects of difference among its worshippers, and the ideas across Japan are fundamentally the same. In Buddhism each branch may have many different sects of practice. Theravada Buddhism, which teaches the psychological understanding of human nature and emphasis a meditative approach on transformation of consciousness (Buddhanet). The Mahayana, another sect of Buddhism, teaches a variety of practices such as yoga. This sect of Buddhism branches out into many different lineages such as Pure Land, Avatamska and Tien Tai. Elements of Worpship for Shinto are performed at srhines, and involve four different elements. It is a distinctive feature of Shinto that kami-worship is expressed not only from the depth of ones heat but in a concrete act of religious ritual (Ono, Sokyo, 51). The four elements of Shinto worship include purification, offerings, prayer and a symbolic feast. Purification is very essential to Shinto and the idea of pollution is vitally important. Removing pollution from oneself helps rid evil and unrighteousness, which could thwart ones communication with kami. Rinsing the mouth and fingers with clear water will purify a worshiper. Offerings are necessary to keep the kami happy daily. In shrines of great importance offerings may be very elaborate, while simple ones may be of salt, rice or water (Ono Sokyo, 53). Prayers are typically read or recited at shrines in classical Japanese. These prayers are opened with words of praise for kami, making reference to the kami in which they are praying to. These prayers are ended with final words of respect and awe to the kami (Ono, sokyo, 54). The sacred feast is held at the end of any Shinto ceremony in which you eat together with the kami. While Shinto and Buddhism seem blatantly different in their day-to-day functions, operating together they appear to make perfect sense. Japans idea of dually practiced religion is called syncretism. While Shinto is the main religion practiced for any wedding ceremony, Buddhist rituals are practiced at funerals because death in Shitno religion is considered pollution. These two dominant religions in Japan are clearly the oldest forms of religion, however there are new religions that are also claiming a popular following. These new religions often cited as Folk Religion have never faced the kind of dilemma of secularization which has been experienced by Buddhism or Christianity. Folk Religion always preserves the strong enduring power which perseveres in he lower structure of society and religious institutions ( Hori, Ichiro, 18) Folk religion therefore has a strong social significance. The idea and concept of religion rose out of the cyclical concept of agriculture, in which everything has a natural order of germination, growth and maturity (Hori, Ichiro, 20). Farm and agricultural work is regarded as sacred in itself to the Japanese people and rituals are often observed before seeding and after harvesting. These among other rituals done for protection and security make folk religion a part of Japanese culture. There are two distinct types of folk religion in Japan. The first is considered as the guardian shrine systems, known as the uji-gami. This was based on a particular family or clan system in which each family has its own shrine as a central symbol of harmony, devoted to ancestral spirit who was enshrined and worshiped. The main function of uji-gami is to assimilate all the family members into a patriarchal hierarchy in which the familys respectable name is preserved for generations to come. The second type of system in folk religion is known as the man-god system, also called hito-gami. This system is based on a close relationship of an individual god with a shaman. Older Japanese cultures or villages were once ruled by an individual shaman or medicine man (Hori, Ichiro, 31) This type of system gave the leader the power to transmit ideas to their kami thus making the leader a utility of divine power. Beliefs and superstitions are present at the core of each folk religion. There are five types of superstitious groups; beliefs and magic concerning omens, beliefs in divination, fragmentary customs concerning taboo, black magic, and prayers with magical elements. Although these topics may be viewed as superstitious, it is not from an objective point of view as many religions around the world practice what one might call superstitions. These rituals or acts of superstition do enter the daily life of the Japanese and may even regulate the conduct of a great number of persons (Hori, Ichiro, 46). Although the religions of Shinto, Buddhism and new religions seem different in many aspects, there are common themes and theories among them. This being said, it is also observed that many different religions around the world share a number of commonalities. Shinto and Buddhism define a lot of cultural morals and values that the Japanese use in conduct everyday. New Religions also are seen to permeate into the daily lives of Japanese. These religions practiced together make Japan the diverse but unified country that it is today. Bibliography Buddhism. 2007. japan-Guide.com. 09 Apr. 2007 . Buddhanet. Buddhanet. 2007. 09 Apr. 2007 . Hori, Ichiro. Folk Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 1968. Ono, Sokyo. Shinto: the Kami Way. Ruthland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc, 1969. The Four Noble Truths. The Big View. 13 Dec. 2006. 09 Mar. 2007 www.thebigview.com

Haemochromatosis Detection Essay -- essays research papers

HAEMOCHROMATOSIS DETECTION USING PCR-RFLP INTRODUCTION Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HH), first described in 1865, is a genetic disorder of metabolism, characterized by progressive iron overload resulting from abnormalities in intestinal iron absorption and or release of iron from reticuloendothelial cells . It is an autosomal recessive disorder, where the body accumulates excessive iron, which is deposited in a variety of organs. Iron cannot be excreted, thus, the excess builds to toxic levels in tissues of major organs such as the liver, heart, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, lungs, and synovium (joints). These organs cease to function adequately and eventually become diseased. Serious illnesses such as diabetes, cirrhosis, hepatoma, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, cardiomyopathy and arthritis may be a consequence of this disease . It affects one in every three hundred Caucasians, and one in nine is a carrier , hence, making its early detection vital. The gene responsible for HH (HLA-H) was recently identified on the short arm of chromoso me 6 and is thought to be mainly caused by a mutation of a gene called HFE, which allows excess iron to be absorbed from the diet . This mutation is known as C282Y. A single point mutation occurs, in which the amino acid cysteine at position 282 changes to a tyrosine . To develop haemochromatosis two genes, one from each parent, are required to be C282Y. However, not everyone with the mutation may develop the disease and it may occur if only one C282Y gene is present (4). 77.5% of affected individuals have two copies of the C282Y mutation, one inherited from each parent, while about 4% have a single copy of the mutation and one normal HFE gene . First proposed in early 1970’s, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been identified as a simple, robust, speedy, and most of all, flexible method that can be used to detect haemochromatosis . In this technique, specific DNA sequences are amplified for the detection of mutations that may be present, allowing early diagnosis of hereditary heamochromatosis (see figure 1). It is a major development in the analysis of DNA and RNA. The requirements of the reaction are simple, consisting of deoxynucleotides to provide both the energy and nucleosides for the synthesis of DNA, template, primer, DNA polymerase, and buffer containing magnesium . The crux of the PCR procedure involves three s... ...’Med J Aust. 2001 Oct 15;175(8):418-21(PubMed): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11700835&dopt=Abstract 11 ‘DNA Testing for Hereditary Hemochromatosis’: Molecular Genetic Testing in Mainstream Medicine (Vol. 14: Spring, 1997) http://www.mostgene.org/gd/gdvol14c.htm 12 http://www.aiddiagnostika.com/english/kits/GenID/rdb_2045e_haemochromatosis.htm 13 http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_10_171103/ger10460_fm-2.html 14 Marion K. Stott, Andrew P. Fellowes, Jeff D. Upton, Michael J. Burt and Peter M. Georgea : ‘Simple Multiplex PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of the C282Y and H63D Hemochromatosis (HFE) Gene Mutations’ http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/3/426 15 http://bip.weizmann.ac.il/mb/bioguide/pcr/PCRwhat.html 16 http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~avierstr/principles/pcr.html 17 Alka Dwivedi, B.C. Sarin, Dev Mittar, P.K. Sehajpal: (2003) ‘Optimization of 38kDA based PCR assay for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples’ 18 McPherson, M.J.(Author). ‘PCR’. - Oxford, , GBR: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, 2000. p 70. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utslibrary/Doc?id=5000324&page=82

Edgar Allen Poes The Black Cat, The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Am

Edgar Allen Poe's 'The Black Cat,' 'The Tell-Tale Heart' and 'The Cask of Amontillado' In each of Edgar Allen Poe's stories of murder and madness, he takes us inside the mind of the murderer from the time he begins until after the deed has been done. Poe gives us a point of view not common in works of horror and suspense: the killers. We read the thoughts and follow the actions of the killer as he plots and follows through with his victim?s demise. All three of his stories are alike, especially 'The Black Cat' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart.' However, I found that 'The Cask of Amontillado' differ more than any of the other two from each other. While the murderers in 'The Black Cat' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart' are motivated by their own insanity, the character in 'The Cask of Amontillado' is driven by pure, old-fashioned revenge and jealousy. A couple main details I noticed about all three tales is that each story is told in first person, and all of the main characters are male. Also, in the end of each of these short stories all men turn out to be no better, if not much wo rse, than they already were. The ?Tell-Tale Heart? begins with the murderer raving about his sanity, and that he commits the crime not because of lunacy but for his master?s ?Evil-Eye.? The man describes the eye as if it is a separate entity from the old man, and if it weren?t for the eye he would have nothing against his master. The eye being attached to the old man is just an unfortunate detail. In the following quote the man describes his feelings towards the Evil-Eye and what he decided to do about it: ?Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees-very gradually-I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself ... ...d in some part of the home of each of the murderers. Also, in both of ?The Tell-Tale Heart? and ?The Cask of Amontillado? the killer?s guilty consciences eventually caused some sort of confession of their crimes. The man in the first story was driven mad into confessing from an imaginary heart beat, and the man in the latter is left to believe his conscience is what caused him to write his story confessing his crime. Both men in ?The Tell-Tale Heart? and ?The Black Cat? were extremely confident in their job hiding the bodies, and almost bragging at their job at hiding the body. However, in all three stories the men were punished in some way. The first two stories I described had the law punishing the two men. The final story I described the man was never caught by the authorities for his crime, but instead he had to deal with the weight from his guilty conscience.

Himalayan Herders Reaction Essay

The film â€Å"Himalayan Herders† portrayed mountain pastoralists from Himalaya. This movie covered many points on the lifestyle of these indigenous people. This documentary styled film covers many aspects of ethnography. This ranges from religion, to death ceremonies. This video did a very good job of portraying these people and it was very ethnographic about it. As far as ethnography is concerned, this film is full of it. This group of people is considered pastoralists. This means that they like to remain in one area. Also, they are farmers and herders. An example of this is how potatoes are the staple of their diet. An example of how they are herders includes how they raise Zomo, which are cows in combination with yaks. This is because theses pastoralists use the milk of a cow for many things but live at higher altitudes, which yaks can handle. There is definitely a division of labor among the genders. The women are responsible for tending to the Zomo, milking them and making butter from the milk. The women also have help from the children. While the children are helping, they are also learning how to tend the Zomo for future responsibilities. Essentially the only responsibility the men have in regards to the Zomo is taking them out to feed, while the women have to take the time to milk them, churn butter, and make cheese. Something else that men are responsible for however includes creating objects and art out of color dyed butter for a ceremony called the Nara. Men also have the responsibility of performing the rituals at the Nara. Another aspect of pastoralist culture covered here was their economic system. For a while, the mountain pastoralists of the Himalayas didn’t use a coin or paper form of currency. More often than not, grain was considered currency. Grain could be traded for tools and useful things for the group. More recently however, coin currency has been used. Coin currency can be traded for sheep and vica-versa. Sheep are another important part of their lives. Sheep were of course used for their wool and the women had the responsibility to turn the wool into textiles to be worn or for other uses. The wool was turned into a yarn like string by hand, by tightening it up. After that, the women used a series of sticks and intricately created fabric which was its useable form. The point of view of this film is in the form of a narrator. A narrator educates the viewers on the day to day lives of these people with the occasional interview-style scene which would include an individual from this particular society speaking about an aspect of it. With this style, we get to hear about what the people within the group think and how they feel about certain topics. I don’t believe the narrator is biased because it seems to me that they have done a lot of studying this society and instead of giving opinions, is giving generalizations and genuine facts. I believe that the people that where studied would generally give us the same information the narrator provided. This is because, as stated above, the narrator is essentially just sticking to the facts and presenting to us in the same way the individuals in the group would. If anything, this film shows empathy. The narrator shows no sign of feeling sorry for this group when he talks and is just presenting the information for us to perceive. The narrator seems to have an understanding of the culture and does not show resentment in the least bit. After watching the film, I don’t dislike the group either; however, I also wouldn’t say I admire them. I feel indifferent towards them. They are going about their lives, surviving the way they know how to and the way that was taught to them which is respectful. It would be very easy for them to just stop and let technology do everything for them like we do here but they carry on living simple lives. In all honesty, I suppose I feel respect for them. I believe it would be fantastic to live a simple life and really only have to worry about what daily tasks lie ahead of you. Although it would be nice, it would also be nearly impossible for someone in our culture such as me to just drop everything and go move into a mountain. This culture is honestly not a lot like my own. In my society we shop in grocery stores whereas in this culture they basically make everything they use from scratch. It’s hard to find a similarity except a little bit in the death ceremony. In the death ceremony, the dead is put into a wooden box where no spirits can enter. When someone in America is buried, this is also done in a wooden box but a much more intricate one. The school system is also much different. There is barely a school system there. If I’m not mistaken, a school system is a very new concept for them where here, school is life. In conclusion, this film did a great job of describing the mountain pastoralists of the Himalayas. It was very ethnographic and covered many aspects of their culture. The narrator also did not appear to have any biases. That is a huge part of learning about a society. It is always best to have a narrator that just relays information to you and then cut to a scene of an individual within the group talking about it. That way, we could get a better scope of their lives. All in all, this film did a great job educating everyone who has viewed it about the life and culture of these specific pastoralists.

Grief, Loss, and Finding Meaning and Purpose Essay

Death is something that is out of human’s control, and it can produce all kind of feelings, and attitudes. The following paper discusses critical issues associated with understanding and facing death. There are various feelings and emotions that a person can experience after they loss someone special in their lives. Through out this paper we will try to identify, express, and find what had been discovered through out grief, and loss. There are several major issues associated with death, but we will focus only on two of them. For instance when a person is facing death, that person would experience denial, isolation, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance; but the two major factors that will be discussed on this paper are depression and anger. According to the Merriam-Western Dictionary Death is the act of dying, the end of life, and there are several ways of coping with the emotional reaction when facing death. We all experience many losses through our lives, and when the loss is the death of someone really close to us, someone who we love and care about—perhaps a family member, a coworker, neighbor etc. That loss can cause a grieving process that can surely affect the way se see things and continue our lives. One of the issues associates with understanding coping and facing death is anger. Lets say for instance that if the cause of death of a family member was something unexpected, anger feelings can take control over that person. Anger is a wide range of emotions, is a strong feeling of displeasure, and belligerence aroused by a wrong, wrath, ire. (Dictionary.com). On the other hand, when facing an early death of a love one, the dominant feeling present on the rest of the family is anger, leading them to a bitter indignation at having been experience the unfairly death of one of their family members. The anger of a person who is experiencing a loss, can be targeted many things, or persons—perhaps anger at God for allowing that situation, anger over what seems unfairly and unjust. Another issue associated with understanding, coping, and facing death is depression. Individuals who are depressed use to isolate or withdraw them selves, they feel hope less and they are not ready to go back to their usual activities; they feel hopeless. A person’s attitude, beliefs, and values about death are according to  his/her cultural influence, and this will contribute with the way they respond when facing death and grief. An individual’s culture would influence the way that individual will respond when phasing death. Culture can influence a person on the way they perform the ceremonies or rituals when grieving. For instance in some countries, when a child died the parents are allow to bath and dress the child with their own cloths, when in different countries it is not permitted even to cry. These two different ceremonies show the different ritual people have according with their culture, values and beliefs. Finding meaning and purpose can be part of the grief process for those who faced a loss. Even though is not an easy process, that crisis can be turn into an opportunity to find true meaning. Many people can grow through grief, and learn to appreciate the value of life, and become better persons. In many cases the grieving process can be an opportunity to unify the family who is suffering. There is always family issues that could separate a family, but the death of a member can be an opportunity to reunite that family, and that is when meaning and purpose take place in the grief process. Grief and loss are universal, and it cannot be controlled by any human kind. The stage of grief and loss occurs in respond to the death of a value person—emotions and attitudes take control of those who are facing it. Loss is an unavoidable part of life, and grief is the healing process of those wounds that a loss could leave an in an individual’s life. References Kubler-Ross, E. Death: The Final Stage of Growth. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1975. http://cogprints.org/9155/ Developmental theory. (2006). In Elsevier’s dictionary of psychological theories. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.library.gcu.edu%3A2048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festpsyctheory%2Fdevelopmental_theory%2F0

A Study of Customer Preference Towards Various Stock Brokerage

RESEARCH PROPOSAL A Study of Customer Preference towards various Stock Brokerage Firms in Indore November 20, 2012 Submitted To : Submitted By : Dr. Yamini Karmarkar Dhwanil Mehta IM 2K9 36 Himanshu Patidar IM 2K9 47 Title A Study of Customer Preference towards various Stock Brokerage Firms in Indore. Index S. No. ParticularsPage No. 1INTRODUCTION03 2RESEARCH QUESTION04 3RESEARCH OBJECTIVE04 4RESEARCH METHODOLOGY05 EXPECTED OUTCOMES09 6LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH09 Introduction This research is regarding the secondary market trading in India and its main objective is to understand customers’ preference towards stock brokerage firms in Indore. In the last decade, India’s GDP has raised from 414 billion dollar in 2001 to 1. 85 trillion dollars in 2012. This growth in size of Indian economy has been complimented by 8 fold increase in the market capitalization of the Indian companies. So people are now investing more in stock market to increase the value of their money.Capital markets are in existence in India since a long time. There are about 11 million DEMAT accounts and 1 million daily active traders in India. Indian stock market is one of the oldest stock markets in Asia with a glorious past that caters to the huge population of India and gives them investment opportunities. In 1875 Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) was established by 22 brokers. From that time onwards the Indian Stock market has grown in leaps and bounds, and has become a forceful and competent stock market in the international level.Earlier days a stock was represented by a stock certificate which was a piece of paper that was proof of your ownership. But in today’s computer age, your stock is stored electronically by your broker. This is done to make the shares easier to trade. In the past, when a person wanted to sell his shares that person physically took the certificates down to the broker. But now stocks can be purchased with a click of mouse. Definition of key terms 1. Stoc k Brokerage Firms- A brokerage firm, or simply brokerage, is a financial institution that facilitates the buying and selling of financial securities between a buyer and a seller.Brokerage firms serve a clientele of investors who trade public stocks and other securities, usually through the firm's agent stockbrokers. 2. DEMAT Account- The term â€Å"demat†, in India, refers to a dematerialized account for individual Indian citizens to trade in listed stocks or debentures in electronic form rather than paper, as required for investors by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In a demat account, shares and securities are held electronically instead of the investor taking physical possession of certificates. 3.Trading Account- A trading account works as an intermediary between the savings account and demat account. When you want to buy shares, first the money is transferred from your savings account to trading account. 4. Consumer Preference- A consumer preference ex plains how a consumer ranks a collection of goods or services or prefers one collection over another. This definition assumes that consumers rank goods or services by the amount of satisfaction, or utility, afforded. Research Question What are the factors that influence the customer preference towards choosing a stock brokerage firm?Objectives 1. To study the factors influencing the people at the time of opening a DEMAT and Trading account. 2. To know the personal views of people regarding choices among various stock brokerage firms in Indore. Research Methodology Theoretical Framework Variables Explanatory Variables- 1. Age- This variable is used to get input of age of customers in years. 2. Income Level- This variable is used to get input of annual income level of the customers in Rupees. 3. Gender- variable is used to get input of gender of customers. Dependent Variables- . Stock-call precision- Stock-call precision is a qualitative measure of the accuracy of the advice to buy, h old, or sell the securities to gain maximum possible return according to risk beard by customer. 2. Personal assistance 3. Price charged for the services- Prices include the account(DEMAT and Trading) opening charges plus brokerage charges per transaction. 4. Location of offices- Location of offices for the convenience of the customers. 5. Brand equity of the firm. Relationship between variables Measurement Design Scales of Measurement 1.Age- Interval scale is used with 4 intervals i. e. [18-30, 31-45, 45-60, 60 plus] 2. Income Level- Interval scale is used with 5 intervals i. e. [0-3lacks, 3lacks-6lacks, 6lacks-10lacks, 10lacks plus] 3. Gender- Nominal scale is used with options â€Å"Male† and â€Å"Female†. 4. Dependent variables: Stock-call precision, Personal assistance, Price, Location of offices, and Brand equity are all measured using a 5 point Likert Scale. [Least Preferable, Somewhat Preferable, Neutral, Preferable, Most Preferable] Technique for Data Collect ion Primary data is needed to be gathered for this research.Data will be collected using questionnaire technique. Questionnaire will be filled by customers through two channels- printed hard copies and online over internet. Researcher will personally take the hard copies of questionnaire to the individual sample. Online questionnaire will be filled using various websites. Sample Description Population Population is taken to be the all the investors of Indore trading in securities and having DEMAT and Trading account in any of the stock brokerage firm located in Indore. Sample Size Sample size is taken to be 120.Sampling Technique Non-probability Quota sampling method. 20 customers of each of the top 6 brokerage firms of Indore are taken. This makes 6 quotas with 20 customers in each quota. Data Analysis Technique used for data analysis is ANOVA. Hypothesis Age of the Customer as an explanatory variable. 1. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between age of the customer a nd preference to the Stock-call precision. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Stock-call precision. 2.Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Personal assistance. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Personal assistance. 3. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Price. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Price. 4. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between age of the customer and preference to he Location of Offices. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Location of Offices. 5. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Brand Equity. Alternate Hypo thesis,(H1): There is a relationship between age of the customer and preference to the Brand Equity. Income of the Customer as an explanatory variable. 6. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Stock-call precision.Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Stock-call precision. 7. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Personal assistance. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Personal assistance. 8. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Price. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Price. 9.Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Location of Offices . Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Location of Offices. 10. Null Hypothesis, (H0): There is no relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Brand Equity. Alternate Hypothesis,(H1): There is a relationship between income of the customer and preference to the Brand Equity. Expected Outcomes Age and income level of the customers have significant effect on their choices regarding brokerage firms.Limitations of the study This research might have some minor limitations because of limited sample size and the environment in which data was collected. The data analysis and findings are based on the knowledge and experience of the respondents. It is assumed that at the time of undertaking survey the best available respondent group was chosen and the responses given by each one of them was genuine. If the respondents responded to the questionnaire without any interest, attention or adequate knowledge reg arding stock market, then the conclusions drawn from this research might not become valid in real world.

Democratic Overload Explained Essay

Federalism and the separation of powers mean that there are numerous elections at different levels of government and for different offices as well as primaries and direct democracy. Americans vote ‘for the president to the local dog catcher’ in 80,000 units of government, leading to ‘permanent’ campaigns and ‘bed-sheet ballots’, leading to a sense of ‘democratic overload’ due to more than 100,000 elections taking place annually which may lead to voter fatigue, higher alienation levels and abstention through too many participation opportunity’s. In the USA, candidates for office are not chosen by the parties, but by voters in primaries and caucuses. This is the nomination process which take place every 4 years for the presidential election and every 2 years for the mid term congressional elections. The huge number of elections for a wide range of posts from the president down to local civic officials and the resulting sense of permanent campaigning causes voters to switch off leading to high abstention due to voter apathy and boredom. Although more people do participate in the nominating process than 40 years ago, the turnout in the presidential primaries vary from one election cycle to another. In a year when an incumbent president is running for re-election and therefore only one party has a genuine nomination contest, turnout in the primaries is only around 17%. It was 17.5% in 1996 when president Clinton was running for re-election, and 17.2% in 2004, when George w. bush was running for re-election. Even when no incumbent president was running in 2000, turnout was still only 19%. However, in 2008, with no incumbent president and a highlight competitive race in the Democratic Party between a women and an African American, turnout soared to just over 30%. Democratic overload leads to voter fatigue, high alienation levels and abstention, as the process is far too long. In 1960, senator John Kennedy announced his candidacy for the presidency just 66 days before the first primary. In readiness for the 2004 campaign, senator John Kerry announced his candidacy 423 days before the first primary. Barack Obama in 2008 also announced his candidacy 332 days before the first primary. Democratic overload is one reason for the law turnouts of us elections. Apart from the federal and state elections, there are also the primary and caucus elections and increasingly voters are invited to vote on initiatives, propositions at local level and possibly in recall elections. For example, The 2003 California gubernatorial recall election was a special election permitted under California state law. It resulted in voters replacing incumbent Democratic Governor Gray Davis with Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger. This could be contrasted with other democracies, such as the UK, where the opportunities to vote are far more restricted.

Unaids Report On Hiv / Aids Essay -- AIDS, HIV, Human sexual behavior

NURS 420- Policy Brief HIV/AIDS in Zambia In 2014, UNAIDS estimated that around 1,200,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in Zambia. According to the UNAIDS report, the prevalence rate for adults aged 15 to 49 is 12.4%. About 1 million women aged 15 and up are living with AIDS and roughly 100,000 children aged 0 to 14 are living with HIV. (UNAIDS) The most affected populations are men who have sex with men (MSM), migrants, sex workers, women, children and orphans. Some of the risk factors are having multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships, mother to child transmission, and low condom use. HIV/AIDS is impacting the economy by reducing labor supply and increasing costs. It is socially impacting the community by weakening the workforce, and increasing social issues. Providing education of sexually transmitted infections, the practice of safe sex and of information regarding mother to child transmission is a low cost effective approach in tackling the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The number of people living with HIV in Zambia, a relatively small country in southern Africa, is steadily rising. UNICEF estimates that 226 new adult infections and 25 new child infections occur each day. According to AVERT, an international AIDS and HIV charity, 27,000 people were accounted for AIDS related death in 2013. Life expectancy is 58.1 years, which is an increase from the year 2012 where the life expectancy was 49.4 years. (AVERT) Men who have sex with men, sex workers, migrants, women, children and orphans are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS than other groups. In Zambia, it is illegal for men to have sex with men so there is little data about the HIV epidemic of this population. It is reported that elsewhere (Sub Saharan Africa) HIV preva... ... middle of paper ... ...hild transmission would do this. This is a low cost prevention approach to HIV/AIDS epidemic. A study done in Kenya showed that sexually transmitted disease control and condom promotion was 8-12 U.S dollars in cost per case averted. (Marseille, 20012) It was less than $1 in U.S in cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY). Doing something similar in Zambia would be cost effective too. By promoting positive attitudes and behavior towards women’s health, one is ensuring long-term improvements. Increasing awareness and overcoming the stigma of the disease is the first step to taking action. Helping the women in the community have a voice in practicing safe sex and becoming an advocate of the use of condoms and being knowledgeable in mother to child transmission can mitigate the chances of HIV transmission in various fields (i.e. marriages, sex work, migrant work).

Justification Report Part 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Justification Report Part 3 - Assignment Example The methods used to gather data on the two options included physical (observational) which demanded for a tour at the companies’ premises to observe how some of the variables on the criteria list played out. Additionally, analysis of the companies’ business approaches and customer services were analyzed from their websites. Among the findings from the methods used show that Praxiar is exceptional in terms of cost effectiveness, fair in sales promotion, neutral in delivery and safety, and poor in care and maintenance. On the other hand, Luxfer Company is poor in both cost and sales promotion, neutral in safety, exceptional in care and maintenance, and fair in delivery cost and lead-time. Provided that Praxiar and Luxfer companies are both neutral in safety, Praxiar was chosen as the preferred supplier as its fair rating on sales promotion, exceptional rating on cost, and neutral rating on delivery and cost beat Luxfer’s poor ratings on cost and sales’ promotion, fair rating on delivery cost and lead-time, and exceptional rating in care and maintenance. Determining the right supplier for materials for use in a business model can be hectic. This report establishes an analysis of two companies that are considered potential suppliers for gas bottles. The report focus of variables such as sales promotion, customer service, safety precautions, and delivery & cost. These variables determine whether the companies are qualified as potential suppliers based on the benefits accrued from using any of them. The analysis in this case requires to identify what supplier would be the most suitable in promoting sales as our business approach looks forwards to discounts, safety and maintenance, and timely delivery of orders. The main aim of conducting a feasibility study on the potential supplies is to find a solution to the problem statement. I work as an electrician in the Air Force and on many occasions we have to service life rafts. On these rafts,

Marketing Is the Production of Signs and their Meanings Essay

Marketing Is the Production of Signs and their Meanings - Essay Example Advertising is basically a source of societal information implanted in products that mediate personal identity as well as interpersonal associations. Advertising should thus be perceived as a vital part of the consumer society. This is because it generates patterned sequences of meaning which have a key role in social reproduction as well as personal socialisation. The "marketplace" can actually be perceived as a "cultural system" of sorts and not merely a method for the exchange of changes in the transactions involving products and money. It is the images as well as cultural symbolism that offer key insights into the character and operations involved in advertising. Cultural types of social communication actually generate meanings via non-discursive imagery which affects behaviour and consciousness in a subtle manner by allowing some kinds of behaviour and thought while delegitimizing others. For example, advertising suggests through its images affirmative presentations of self-assu red "masculine" manners and illustrations of fashionable as well as well-groomed women and men who desire to be successful in finding spouses. Therefore, advertising offers improper as well as proper depictions of behaviour as well as role models for both women and men. The outcome of this is the development of a culture where a person’s image has a more significant role than his or her linguistic discourse. Visual imagery is non-discursive, and thus associative, fictive, emotional and iconic, whereas vocal imagery is discursive (Elkington, Hartigan and Schwab, 2008). Advertising has played a major role in the evolution into a new culture that is observed with image, and thus in the change from a book/print or...The all important consumer is put on a pedestal and venerated. Successful marketing operations create a hyper-reality that the ordinary customer believes in because most of the time it is unanticipated and unusual but exhilarating and artistic. For example, the Disney Empire is actually founded on the creation of fantasy which is not actually a requirement but a product of the cooperation of Disney’s employees, consumers, reviewers, and agents (Hurley, 2005). This is also the case where the electronic corporations are concerned. For example, Apple’s Macintosh computer was not a requirement that was necessary for the consumers. It was simply a persuasively seductive computer vision with a â€Å"warm and responsive† image that had been created by Steve Jobs and his group. The actual computer product was then created to occupy this vision. Marketing practice, is, therefore, not really created by the model of a sovereign customer in the post modern world, as by the pursuit for an influential hyper-reality that marketers as well as consumers can believe in. It is not the consumer but the image that is considered as being sovereign. A good example of this is found in a Pepsi commercial that was shown not so long ago. A beautiful supermodel who neglected to consume the product was instantly transformed into an ugly mannish creature.

International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Case Study Example These suggestions and recommendations are further used to chalk out the effective strategies for the accomplishment of organizational goals. Any effective formulation stage always facilitates the ideas and recommendations which are flexible and can be customized as per the emerging challenges and scenarios (Thomas 28). Besides all viable recommendations proposed at this stage need to be pragmatic, realistic and readily implementable. 3. Implementation- In a way this happens to be the most crucial stage of strategy formulation as the eventual litmus test on any effective diagnosis and formulation is that it eventually gets implemented in a methodical and planned manner (Proctor 164). Response- Exchange rates need to be stable and predictable, as reliable and predictable exchange rates have many advantages (Schaefer 46). Stable exchange rates instill confidence in both the importers and exporters regarding the certainty with regards to the foreign payments. Besides unstable exchange rates can wreck havoc on the economies that are predominantly dependent on trade. Unstable exchange can jeopardize the economic growth in such nations. Moreover, stable and predictable exchange rates encourage the international investors to engage in long term investments. In contrast, unstable exchange rates give way to speculative trading in the international capital markets and are more prone to stimulating capital flights from one nation to other. It is a fact that many developing nations do rely on imports to sustain their technology and capital associated requirements. Stable exchange rates enable the developing nations to go on with their development initiatives in a planned an d predictable manner. Stable exchange rates also boost multilateral trade and close trade cooperation between the regional partners. Stable exchange rates are also of pivotal relevance

Please See Order Instructions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Please See Order Instructions - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of the company. It is important to consider the changes that have occurred over the years so the paper also discusses the basic changes that have occurred throughout the previous years. Of course, it is equally pertinent to consider the situation in the market place because the market determines our progress. Therefore, the paper also deals with the significance of the market in relation to the company. The falling status of the company is a well known fact by now. To some extent the company’s inefficiency is itself responsible for this current state of the company. However, this paper also reiterates how the exogenous factors, not directly under the control of the company; have led the company to its present state. The latter part of the essay deals with a personal assessment of how critical the situation is for the company. Also, the measures that are deemed necessary at this point in time are highlighted so that the important propositions could be understood. Overall, the paper will help get an idea of the current situation and would inform about the steps that need to be taken to save the company from bankruptcy. Before moving onto the discussion of why the current situation has arisen, a brief overview of the history of the company in the last few years is necessary.

Modern mosque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern mosque - Essay Example From the Muslim point of view, a divine Mosques must have various specific pertinent features, they include; features that indicates direction directions of the Qible, which in most cases may also be referred as the Mecca. This indication is usually referred as the Mihrab and should have a specific type of roof according to the requirements of the Islam religion (Wood, 7). The first Mosque that was constructed in Turkey was the Mecca; this was a term used to describe the area that surrounded the Ka’ba. In the Muslim Religion, Ka’ba was considered the holiest shrine in the land. The model by which the early Mosques were developed, took the dimensions of Muhammad’s house, which was located in Madina. The direction with which the Qibla at this time was believed be oriented towards Jerusalem. Moreover, on the left side of the early Qiblas, there were three houses for Muhammad’s wives with three different entries that led to the courtyard, an area where most prayers were held during this time. In approximately 1500 years, the direction of the Qibla was changed so that it could face the orientation of the Mecca. The Madina Mosques had various important functions in the early Muslim society; it accommodated social functions, religious as well as political functions. Judicial roles were also undertaken in the early Mosques; the Muhammad and their families members were also accommodated in the early Mosques. In the early period, rules guiding prayers were not shaped to a specific standard owing to the fact that the prescriptions that are in the Koran developed on a gradual basis from time to time. Evidence has also shown that apart from the Mosques of Madina and Mecca, there existed some other dimensions of Mosques in other parts of the World. Owing to rapid technological advancement in the early period, Mosques began growing rapidly in their complexities as well as their appearances. They assumed

Scenario planning for Globilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scenario planning for Globilization - Essay Example This reduction was first attributed to the growing number of mountain bark beetles by a forest ecologist, Scott Green from the University of Northern British Columbia. In the past, the pine forest used to recede in summer but would regain its density in the winter. But over the past 20 years or more, the mountain bark beetles have reproduced in such large numbers, that winters have hardly done any job to reduce their number, and the extinction of the pine forests have sustained equally through winter as they did in the summer. Recent research has shown the influence of rise in temperature upon the tendency of the mountain bark beetles to breed. With an overall rise of 2?C in the global temperature since 2010, the mountain bark beetles have increased in number by millions. Forest ecologists are of the view that if the present rate of greenhouse gas emission sustains for another decade, the mountain bark beetles would become the biggest threat to forests all over the world. Story 2: Ov er the last two decades, droughts and floods have frequently been occurring as a consequence of the 2?C rise in the global temperature since 2010. The biggest sufferings have been noticed in the Arctic. For the last twenty years or more, the temperature of air in the Arctic has increased at a speed twice as much as that for the other parts of the world. Accordingly, an overall increase of 4?C has been noticed in the Arctic. More than half of the total volume of summer sea ice in the Arctic has liquefied and flowed into the water over the last twenty years. This has majorly happened as a result of insufficient temperature controlling measures taken since 2010, since the scientists then expected this volume to recede not before 2100. The reality squeezed that period of ninety years into twenty years and the precautionary measures that were designed according to a ninety year period have proved just too insufficient. As a result of the massive loss of ice in the Arctic, polar bears hav e become extinct for the last five years. They are nowhere to be seen but the intensive care units designed by the WWF for the preservation of extinguishing animal species. The veterans are proposing new medications and techniques to increase the breeding rate of polar bears, but many are skeptical about the usability of these techniques since the polar bears can not be provided with natural habitat in ice after birth. Once released, many would die because of the loss of habitat like their ancestors. Story 3: The ice sheets have melted away with an enormous speed since 2010. The drought and spread of epidemics noticed in the last five years is fundamentally attributed to the rise of sea levels. The number and enormity of tropical cyclones has been greatly affected by the heat developing in the seas. Number of storms has generally remained the same as they were five decades ago, though typhoons and hurricanes have dangerously increased both in number and intensity. In the US, parts o f Gulf Coast and East Coast have been hit hard by the typhoons, while coastal flooding has become a routine in New York. In the two consecutive years; 2028 and 2029, Queens and Brooklyn have seen some of the worst natural disasters of the past 100 years. The two foot rise of the sea level has also generated many hurricanes in Shanghai, Bangkok, London, Venice and Cairo since 2025. People have

Juv. Deliquency - Assignments 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juv. Deliquency - Assignments 3 - Essay Example What was the outcome of law enforcement efforts? If so, describe these efforts to the best of your ability, if not, should law enforcement have gotten involved? Police officers have used many informal techniques of social control (Bartollas & Schmalleger, 2014). With this, it is apparent that the law enforcement was at some point was utilized in any manner to try and control delinquent’s behaviours. However, due to the fact that there are still many informal techniques that could be used along the way, then it is implied that the outcome might not be that promising at some point. In fact, the reason why there are many cases like those of Aylin Gutierrez is that the law enforcement may have failed to critically consider the bottom line of the social context linked to the delinquent behaviours of the concerned individual. For this reason, Aylin Gutierrez may have never received the relevant help coming from the law enforcement, because her case is relevant to a more personal consideration, which is linked to how her immediate environment, the family has contributed to her prevailing case of delinquent behaviours. As of the moment, the department of law enforcement had not effectively organised the juvenile crime prevention efforts (Bartollas & Schmalleger, 2014). This implies that Aylin had also not received much attention prior to how her delinquent behaviours could have been prevented at some point. In the first place, the case of Aylin is a bit too personal, but there was a form of abuse coming from her parents. In this manner, the law enforcement should have been involved. However, the law enforcement department did not have much knowledge about her case, because of the unavailability of feedbacks or remarkable opportunity to know the social events that are going on at every home. For this matter, in order for the law enforcement to get involved in preventing delinquent

The Effects of the Immigration Justice System Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Immigration Justice System Essay Illegal Immigration in America is at an all time high, but what the government is failing to see is the after affects this has on family and children of illegal immigrants. After September 2011 government has started enforcing immigration laws in staggering numbers, when in fact some of these illegal immigrants have been in this country for many years living a productive life with their families. After years of immigration laws being looked over now everyone in the illegal immigrants’ life is affected due to stiffer immigration laws. Immigration is a topic on a lot of people’s minds these days. Many illegal immigrants are being pulled over due to racial profiling. According to Hughes (2012), â€Å"Nearly half of the suspected illegal immigrants picked up for deportation under Frederick County’s enforcement program last year were arrested for a traffic violation or driving without a license, according to county records. † Subsequently they are deported leaving their families behind here in America to make a tough decision as to stay or go be with family. These families most of the time are mixed citizenship families as to where one or both parents are illegal to this country. As for the children they too sometimes are of mixed citizenship. Most people say â€Å"send them back they broke the law† but why should the children have to pay for their parents mistakes. The government and the justice system need to come up with an immigration reform that is fair to all but still penalize them for breaking the law. If you have a criminal history you should be deported but if the biggest crime you have committed is driving without a license you should not be deported. Not only does the Immigration justice system affect the illegal immigrant it also affect the families and children of the illegal immigrant. â€Å"U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have adopted common sense policies that ensure our immigration laws are enforced in a way that best enhances public safety, border security and the integrity of the immigration system (ICE, 2012). † This is how the immigration system is run since September 2011. Before this illegal immigrants who lived in this country only feared deportation if they ommitted a major crime. For that reason most whom where here illegally lived a very productive life without committing any crimes. They started families here in America if they did not already have a family. â€Å"As part of this approach, ICE has adopted clear priorities that call for the agencys enforcement resources to be focused on the identification and removals of those that have broken criminal laws, recently crossed our border, repeatedly violated immigration law or are fugitives from immigration court (ICE, 2012). With this being said does it make you wonder, what happens to the families and children that are also entangled in the Immigration justice system web? The Immigration justice system is breaking up families everyday in America. Morel (2012, p. 1) states, â€Å"There are 4. 5 million U. S. citizen children who have an undocumented parent, according to First Focus, a national children and families advocate group. † So what happens to these children when their parent or parents are deported? Well the answer is a lot of these children are now orphaned in this country and are put into the foster care system. Some are at an age where they will not get to be adopted into a home; they will live for years going from foster home to foster home. As for the children who still has a parent here in America they will be faced with many difficulties. Their parent that was deported was more than likely the â€Å"bread winner† of the family so now the family has to struggle just to survive. The family has to decide whether to stay in their home country or to pack up and move to an unknown foreign country were the children possibly will not even speak the language. The deleterious impact of these public efforts has been most profound on immigrant children, many of whom may be U. S. citizens living with undocumented families. † (Androff et al. , 2011) Therefore the children are affected in every way from physical to mental due to the stress a child is put under at the time of deportation. May the child be a citizen or not of this country they did not chose to live this life and go through the suffering many are enduring. Some people say that it is the illegal immigrant who has been selfish and caused these problems for their children by entering the country illegally. As a result the government should find a fair way to reform immigration for the productive illegal immigrants. Immigration reform has been a topic for several years and still there is no reform. According to an article by Kim, (2012) â€Å"One state lawmaker wants to give illegal immigrants permission to work legally in the country if they dont have a criminal background. † If the illegal immigrant has lived in this country for a number of years without any major crime committed and they have a family, they should be penalize or fined not deported. Illegal immigrants who commit crimes other than simple driving violation should not be granted amnesty. There has to be reform in order to keep these families together or American citizen kids from being moved to an unknown country. This country needs some kind of immigration reform to keep children from suffering. With all this information you can clearly see the negative affects the immigration justice system is having on the family and children of illegal immigrants. Fathers and mothers are being ripped away from their children. When in all reality all they want is to give their children a better life and a fighting chance that they would not have in their own country. America is known as â€Å"the land of dreams and opportunity† and this is what most illegal immigrants want is an opportunity to fulfill their dreams in this country with their family. Therefore the government of our country should find away to reform immigration laws so the family and children of illegal immigrants are not affected in such a negative way.